Social-economics Analysis and Community Empowerment the Watershed of Kedaung at Gajah Mungkur Reservoir Wonogiri-cental Java

Gajah Mungkur Reservoir is designed to storage reservoir for 100 years since the operation in 1982-2082. Currently the sedimentation rate reaches 8 millimeters per year, while the assumption of sediment rate (mud) is only 2 millimeters per year. This research was conducted to save reservoir and river basin environment in Gajah Mungkur Reservoir. This study aims to determine the socio-economic conditions and behavior of people in the Keduang River watershed area. This research also formulates community empowerment model in Keduang River area and recommends grand design management system involving various related parties.


INTRODUCTION
The construction of reservoir in one region is one of the solution of problem exist in that region. The function of Gajah Mungkur reservoir located in Wonogiri Regency is to control flood, with water catchment area 1.350 Km 2 , Gajah Mungkur reservoir would be capable to control flood from 4000 m 3 /s to 400m 3 /s. This would secure all regions around Bengawan Solo stream, starts from Wonogiri, Ngawi, till to downstream in Gresik, East Java, and from flood is also functioned as irrigation, water supplier, and also electricity. The impact from the construction is the change of socio-economy of the people around the reservoir.
Economic success will cause change automatically in the economy structure of the people. In social perspective, the construction will cause the change of social structure where most of people will depend on their livelihood on fishery and tourism. Besides that impact, the positive impacts from the construction of the reservoir are absorption of labor and the LQFUHDVLQJ RI SHRSOH·V LQFRPH ZKLOH WKH negative impact is pollution to environment, for example sedimentation is occurred faster than the previous estimation.
High sedimentation, especially sedimentation from 6 sub-region river stream which caused limited water storage capability. Gajah Mungkur reservoir is designed for 100 years, counted since the first operation in 1982 until 2082, with the maximum capability of sediment storage in the amount of 120 million m3 with the sediment rate assumption (mud sediment) 2 millimeters each year. But the fact now is the sedimentation rate reaches 8 millimeters each year. In this time, sediment that comes to Gajah Mungkur reservoir reaches 2.55 million m 3 each year.
The negative and positive impact surely affects social and economy of the people so that needs the exact society empowerment model. Society empowerment is understood as the process or result (Laverack, 2001). Through empowerment process, the society would be capable to assume the ability to act effectively so it could change their life and neighborhood (Rich, 2009). The empowerment process promotes human resources participation, organization, and community to increase social life quality.
Society development has so many various definitions. It focused to the study of problem solving process simultaneously. The other definition of society development is to start social action so that it could change their economy, social, culture and environment situation (Mattessich, 2004). Empowerment theory contains two value orientations to practice and frame the concept to learn the society process and organization. Society empowerment is differing into psychology empowerment, organization empowerment, and society empowerment. Problem difference would affect the exact empowerment model in one region so that in this research could be known about the exact empowerment model in Sub watershed Keduang as the impact of Gajah Mungkur reservoir construction.
Based on the explanation above, there are research questions defined in order to reach the research purposes. Main output of this research is structured recommendation in the formulation of Wonogiri Regency Government policy to empower society around the river stream: 1. How is the social economy condition and society behavior around watershed of Keduang River Wonogiri? 2. How is the society empowerment model around watershed of Keduang River Wonogiri?

RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses RRA (Rapid Rural Appraisal) and PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) method with consideration of efficiency, effectiveness and more importantly is aspirational in the sense of community involvement and community needs can be accommodated so that the expected model of empowerment in line with the needs of society).
Data collection is done on the documentation of studies that have been made by various parties, in-depth interviews with village officials, community leaders, farmers' groups, conservation groups, youth and aware group travel and also conducted field observations to compare data that obtained from interviews, documentation and questioner.
Classification levels of vulnerability was presented on table in below :

Vunerability of Social, Economy and Institutional 275
Based on the results of the study was obtained that geographic population density has a score 3, while scores in the agrarian population density 1, whereas for conservation behaviors have a score 3. Customary law still have important role in the Pondoksari with a score 5, while traditional values have a score 3. Economically, state of residents base on dependence on land had a score 1 and an income ratio had a score 2. Based on the presence of institutional conservation and formal institutions empowerment on conservation scores respectively 5 and 4.

b. Sembukan Village
Sembukan village, district of Sidoharjo was selected to represent sub middle watershed as research sample.
Sembukan village approximately 8 km away from town of Sidoharjo district and the village that southernmost in Sidoharjo district. Its area is 1272 ha, which is divided into 11 hamlets, 9 (CA) Citizens Association and 21 (NA) Neighborhood Association. The average elevation of this village approximately 355 from the surface of the sea. From the census of 2009 total population of 4239 people with 2194 males and 2045 womens.
Based on the results of the study was obtained that geographic population density has a score 3, while scores in the agrarian population density 1, whereas for conservation behaviors have a score 3. Customary law still have important role in the Sembukan with a score 3, while traditional values have a score 3. Economically, state of residents base on dependence on land had a score 1 and an income ratio had a score 2. Based on the tpresence of institutional conservation and formal institutions empowerment on conservation scores respectively 1 and 3. Based on the results of the study was obtained that geographic population density has a score 5, while scores in the agrarian population density 5, whereas for conservation behaviors have a score 1. Customary law still have important role in the Padarangin with a score 3, while traditional values have a score 1. Economically, state of residents base on dependence on land had a score 1 and an income ratio had a score 4. Based on the presence of institutional conservation and formal institutions empowerment on conservation scores respectively 5 and 3.

d. Semin Village
Semin village, district of Nguntoronadi was selected to represent micro sub watershed at south as research sample. Semin village is located at east from town of Nguntoronadi district with distance approximately 7,8 km. Its area is 726 ha, which is divided into 7 hamlets, 7

Vunerability of Social, Economy and Institutional 260
Based on the results of the study was obtained that geographic population density has a score 5, while scores in the agrarian population density 1, whereas for conservation behaviors have a score 2. Customary law still have important role in the Semin with a score 3, while traditional values have a score 3. Economically, state of residents from dependence on land had a score 1 and an income ratio had a score 2. Based on the presence of institutional conservation and formal institutions empowerment on conservation scores respectively 5 and 3.

e. Semagar Village
Semagar village, district of Girimarto as selected to represent micro sub watershed at west of north region as research sample. Semagar village is located at east from town of Girimarto district with distance approximately 5 km away. Its area is 498.77 ha, which is divided into 8 hamlets,  Formal institutional empowerment in conservation 5 3 15

Vunerability of Social, Economy and Institutional 235
Source: Primary Data, processed 2012 Based on the results of the study was obtained that geographic population density has a score 5, while scores in the agrarian population density 1, whereas for conservation behaviors have a score 2. Customary law still have important role in the Semagar with a score 2, while traditional values have a score 1. Economically, state of residents base on dependence on land had a score 1 and an income ratio had a score 3. Based on the presence of institutional conservation and formal institutions empowerment on conservation scores respectively 1 and 3.

f. Setren village
Setren village, district of Slogohimo as selected to represent micro sub watershed at east of north region as research sample. Setren village is located at north from town of Slogohimo district with distance approximately 7,1 km away. Its area is 990,8 ha, which is divided into 4 hamlets, 8 (CA) Citizens Association and 19 (NA) Neighborhood Association. The average elevation of this village up to 884 m from the surface of the sea. From the census of 2009 total population of 3142 people with 1570 males and 1572 womens.

Table 7. Analysis of Social Economy Institutional Micro Sub Watershed at East On North Region (Setren Village)
Source: Primary Data, processed 2012 Based on the results of the study was obtained that geographic population density has a score 3, while scores in the agrarian population density 1, whereas for conservation behaviors have a score 1. Customary law still have important role in the Setren with a score 2, while traditional values have a score 1. Economically, state of residents base on dependence on land had a score 3 and an income ratio had score 4. Based on the presence of institutional conservation and formal institutions empowerment on conservation scores 1.

Empowerment Model
Empowerment model at each sub watershed was based on scoring of social, economy and institutional analysis. Empowerment refered to decrease vulnerability on parameter from each criteria that have highest vulnerability value, then it connected with comunity needs that was resulted from interview and observation at field. Hopefully, that model can be done and accepted by comunity. Because empowerment principle is an effort to achieve community needs, so ´VWUDQJHUµ GRHVQ·W KDYH D UROH DV D LQVWUXFWRU RU builder but have the role as facilitators that be in charge to facilitate, push and ease community in order to empowerment themself. So that facilitators only facilitate in terms of problem analysis, organization assist and advocation of rules.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion
The result from analysis of vulnerability levels on social, economy and institutional was obtained score to each sample region, as follows: a) Pondoksari village score 275 in the category moderate with vulnerability level is slightly susceptible, the highest vulnerability value on activity of conservation and region basic activity. b) Sembukan village score 200 in the category slightly low with vulnerability level is slightly susceptible, the highest vulnerability value on activity of conservation and geographic population density. c) Padarangin village score 290 in the category moderate with vulnerability level is slightly susceptible, the highest vulnerability value on geographic population density, agrarian population denstiy and region basic activity. d) Semin village score 260 in the category moderate with vulnerability level is slightly susceptible, the highest vulnerability value on geographic population density and region basic activity. e) Semagar village score 235 in the category slightly low with vulnerability level is slightly susceptible, the highest vulnerability value on geographic population density and region basic activity. f) Setren village score 235 in the category slightly low with vulnerability level is slightly susceptible, the highest vulnerability value on land dependence and region basic activity.
(PSRZHUPHQW PRGHO IRU HDFK UHJLRQ FDQ·W be generalized although vulnerability value with the same score and same parameter. That model can be more focus on community needs and resources available, so that goverment in this case Work area unit of Wonogiri local government and relevant agency sincerely can be as facilitators in order to analize problems, assist on organizing and advocation of rule.

Recommendation
a. Watershed management implementation must always associate with accessibility conditions that exist in society. The more open society conditions will be different with a more closed society. b. Improvement income can be done with earn income outside agriculture, especially livestock, trading, agroindustry and activity that basic on resources on watershed region. c. Model of participate natural resources conservation can be done according to the stage where an understanding of conservation socialized well, especially in the coordination group given the authority to coordinate the relevant stakeholders that support conservation activities. In addition, needed the individual commitment of the decision makers on-site conservation activities. Therefore, coordination and socialization understanding of the importance of conservation with related agencies should be conducted continuously through a variety of formal and informal meetings without any limitation of quantity meeting. d. Need to be arranged grand design Keduang watershed management that it is linking various stakeholders. Grand design that really targeted and sustainable is in effort to collaborate the work program which is owned by each work area unit of Wonogiri local government so that Keduang community development and conservation and watershed management will not overlap in TUPOKSI and programs.