Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies

Comparative Study of Regulations, Governance, Management, and Innovation Models in the Development of Muhammadiyah Waqf with Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam

Arin Setiyowati — 2025-06-30

This study presents a comparative analysis of waqf regulation, governance, management, and innovation in Muhammadiyah (Indonesia), Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. The aim is to identify similarities and differences in their waqf systems and evaluate how governance and innovation impact community welfare. A qualitative library research approach was used, focusing on waqf-related regulations, management structures, and asset development strategies. Muhammadiyah manages waqf independently through internal institutional policies, guided by Law No. 41 of 2004. In Malaysia, waqf is regulated by the State Islamic Religious Councils (Majlis Agama Islam Negeri, MAIN), which promote corporate-based management such as property development and Sharia-compliant investments, exemplified by the Selangor Waqf Corporation (Perbadanan Wakaf Selangor, PWS). Brunei Darussalam centralizes waqf under the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Hal Ehwal Ugama, KHEU), with strict regulations and strong state support for Islamic economic empowerment. In terms of innovation, Malaysia demonstrates a more advanced corporate waqf model with productive asset management, while Brunei prioritizes centralized stability. Muhammadiyah continues to adopt new models such as cash waqf and Islamic investments, though improvement is still needed in professional asset governance and transparency. This research introduces a novel comparative framework by analyzing multi-country waqf governance and applying the concept of Good Waqf Governance, including transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Unlike previous studies that examined isolated cases, this paper maps cross-national governance strategies and their socio-economic outcomes. Furthermore, it highlights Malaysia’s and Brunei’s potential as models for Muhammadiyah’s reform. One key recommendation is to integrate Malaysia’s corporate waqf framework into Muhammadiyah’s waqf strategy to enhance long-term sustainability and economic returns. The study contributes to the discourse on Islamic philanthropy by offering scalable strategies for revitalizing waqf institutions in the Muslim world.

Corporate Da’wa Based on Spiritual Capital: Internalizing the Concept of Ihsan in Corporate Work Culture in Indonesia

Abdul Mujib — 2025-06-30

This research analyzed the internalization of the Islamic concept of ihsan as a form of social capital integrated into corporate work culture to strengthen leadership competencies and human resource development. The focus is on implementing spirituality in work culture and identifying institutional da'wa values embedded in management practices. Using a constructivist paradigm and a qualitative case study method, this research explored ihsan within the work culture practiced by the Human Capital Division's Sub-Division of Spiritual Capital Management at PT Telkom. Data was collected through observations, interviews, and document analysis concerning corporate da'wa activities aligned with the spiritual capital approach. The findings revealed a spiritually driven work culture reflected in "The Telkom Way" operationalized through three foundational elements: philosophy, principles, and practices (3P). The work culture serves as spiritual capital, measurably impacting organizational performance through enhanced service quality metrics and employee satisfaction through improved workplace spiritual well-being assessments. The concept of ihsan is strongly related to the "Always the Best" work ethic promoted within the company, emphasizing excellence in service as a form of devotion, benefiting individuals, teams, and society. From a corporate da'wa perspective, "The Telkom Way" represents integrating Islamic values into the modern business context. The core philosophy of ihsan, embodied in the "Always the Best" principle, manifests Islamic teachings on excellence and integrity in professional conduct. This research contributes to the development of institutional da'wa perspectives as a foundational value influencing the corporate culture of major Indonesian organizations, while also analyzing the synergy between spirituality and business practices in a Muslim-majority context through quantifiable evidence of improved organizational outcomes and employee well-being indicators.

Examining The Influence of Moral Development and the Islamic Boarding School Setting on Student Morality in Bireuen District

Najmuddin — 2025-06-30

Boarding schools were established in response to societal worries about the declining morality of youngsters influenced by their surroundings and social media. The new Islamic boarding school model provides dormitory-based education to cultivate excellent qualities. This concept aims to regulate moral development and provide rigorous instruction. Islamic boarding schools foster a conducive environment for students to develop morality through a variety of tactics and activities. This study examines the impact of moral education management and the environment in Islamic boarding schools on the moral character of students in Bireuen Regency. A quantitative method was applied, specifically through the use of surveys. The results demonstrate that both moral education management and the Islamic boarding school atmosphere significantly contribute to the development of students' morals. Data analysis reveals that these two factors collectively account for 52% of the variation in students' moral behavior, while the remaining 48% is likely influenced by other variables not included in this study. These findings suggest that structured moral guidance and a supportive boarding school environment play a key role in fostering students who are not only well-behaved but also responsible, disciplined, and capable of excelling academically and in extracurricular activities. The positive outcomes extend beyond individual students, offering broader benefits to the surrounding community and educational ecosystem.

Revisiting Roel Meijer's Typology of Salafism: A Critical Reading of the Salafi Movement Studies

Azzam Musoffa — 2025-06-30

This research aims to review the typology of Salafists introduced by Roel Meijer in his work "The Global Salafism" to understand the core of Salafi thought, including fragmentation within Salafists and apply it in the latest context in Indonesia. To explore this object, the researcher utilized library research by presenting several perspectives outside Roel Meijer's work, both from Western scholars and Muslims who discussed the main ideology of Salafis. The literature studies showed several misconceptions about Salafi's original thought by both Western and Muslim scholars. The misconceptions understood by Western scholars tend to attribute reform movements such as Jamaluddin Al-Afghani or Muhammad Abduh to Salafis. As for the misconceptions understood by Muslims themselves, who are at odds with the main ideas of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, they radicalize the output of their thoughts so that it causes acts of violence that cross the threshold of humanitarian tolerance in the present era. Some of the misconceptions by internal Salafis included excessive understanding of the concept of Al-Walaa' wal Baraa', excessive hatred of the Shi'a, and the application of the concept of amr ma'ruf nahy munkar, which is restrictive, especially because it used backup from the government. The results suggested the typology of Salafism to be divided into only two, based on the same condition as those two groups, the rejection of using only logical thinking without Qur’anic or hadith basis, namely, Purists and Jihadis.

The Integration of Rationality and Spirituality: Imam Al-Ghazali's Experience through Ta'lim Rabbani Approach in Acquiring Knowledge

Kholili Hasib — 2025-06-30

This article investigates the integration of rationality and spirituality in the educational philosophy of Imam al-Ghazali, with particular attention to his experience of ta‘līm rabbānī (divine instruction) as a pathway to ma‘rifah (spiritual knowledge). Imam al-Ghazali’s intellectual crisis and subsequent spiritual transformation reflect a shift from reliance on discursive reason to a higher epistemic state grounded in divine guidance. Drawing on al-Munqidh min al-Ḍalāl and key insights from Iḥyā’‘Ulūm al-Dīn, this study analyzes the importance of spirituality or ma'rifah in education. This research employed a literature review grounded in a philosophical approach, wherein analysis was conducted by examining written texts. Methodologies utilized encompass critical review, comparison, summarization, and synthesis, adopting a descriptive-analytical approach to assess various dimensions of the proposed theory. The article argued that al-Ghazali’s ta‘līm rabbānī framework is not a rejection of reason, but a reorientation of reason under the authority of divine truth. The findings suggested that this integrated model provided a relevant paradigm for contemporary Islamic education, particularly in addressing the fragmentation of knowledge and the marginalization of spirituality in academic contexts. In contemporary Islamic education, this model challenges the prevalent separation of intellect and spirituality and calls for a reintegration of ethical, spiritual, and rational dimensions of knowledge in the formation of the human self.

Cultivating Harmony: Strengthening Religious Inclusivity Through Interfaith Dialogue in Rural South Tapanuli

Puji Kurniawan — 2025-06-30

Interfaith dialogue in rural contexts remains underexplored, despite the unique dynamics of social and religious coexistence in such areas. This study aims to answer two central research questions: (1) How is interfaith dialogue practiced in a multireligious rural community? and (2) How does such dialogue shape or hinder religious inclusivity? The research was conducted in Tantom Angkola, North Sumatra, a village inhabited by Muslim and Christian communities with a long history of coexistence. Using a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants from diverse generational, religious, and social backgrounds. Thematic analysis revealed four key themes: (1) Perceptions of Religious Harmony, (2) Barriers to Deeper Interfaith Engagement, (3) Everyday Interactions between Faith Communities, and (4) Aspirations for Future Inclusivity. Findings showed that interfaith dialogue mostly occured informally and through social structures rather than theological exchanges, reflecting superficial tolerance but not yet full inclusivity. Key barriers include religious stereotypes, cultural conservatism, and lack of institutional support. The discussion draws on Swidler’s Decalogue of Interfaith Dialogue and is contextualized within Islamic pedagogical traditions such as halaqah (study circles) and the ethical principle of wasathiyah (moderation). The study concluded that revitalizing Islamic principles of justice for minorities and fostering locally grounded interfaith education are essential for advancing deeper inclusivity in rural contexts.

History of Location Objectives (Hilal Tracker): Development of Astronomical Observations from 2015-Present

Marataon Ritonga — 2025-06-30

This study examined the development of Hilal Tracker as a system for determining the location of hilal observations that has been developed since 2015 until now. This system emerged from the need for an accurate, efficient, and documented way to find the best place to see the Hilal, which is an important factor in determining the beginning of the month in the Hijri calendar. This article explains the history of the development of hilal Tracker technology and methods, including integrating astronomical data, using satellite imagery, algorithms for predicting hilal visibility, and cooperation with various local and international institutions. With a historical qualitative approach and chronological documentation, this paper examined the changes in innovation from the early phase to the modern stage. The findings showed that Hilal Tracker has improved the accuracy of rukyat location selection, strengthened the global hilal visibility database, and supported the alignment of hisab and rukyat methodologies in some Islamic countries. In addition, this system functions as a link between classical Islamic astronomy and modern technology through an open approach and academic collaboration. Therefore, Hilal Tracker is not just a technical device, but also a means of education and diplomacy in creating a unified Hijri calendar worldwide with an observational approach. This study recommends further development of local weather forecasting aspects and artificial intelligence to improve location efficiency in the future.

Reconceptualization and Implementation of Syirkah Mudharabah: An Islamic Political Law Analysis

Muhsin Hariyanto — 2025-06-30

This article seeks to elucidate the fundamental concept of shirkah muḍārabah (business partnership based on sharing agreement) within both classical and contemporary Islamic legal literature, as well as its historical application in Islamic contexts. It endeavors to reconceptualize this notion and its implementation, particularly within the Indonesian framework, through the lens of Islamic law. Through library research and critical reconstructive analysis, it is concluded that the concept of shirkah muḍārabah can be effectively implemented, largely devoid of socio-economic and political constraints, particularly in partnership-based business activities between investors-capitalists and proprietors who are committed to conducting business partnerships grounded in trust, founded on the principles of honesty, transparency, and maqāṣid sharīa (higher objectives of Islamic jurisprudence) argument.

Innovative Funding Synergy for Optimizing Land and Building Waqf Utilization in Islamic Philanthropy Programs

Galeh Pujonegoro — 2025-06-30

One of the problems Nazhir faces in realizing the benefits of immovable asset waqfs, such as land and buildings, is funding. Not all asset waqf handed over by wakif are in top condition. On the other hand, nazhirs feel an obligation to facilitate wakif worship. It finally requires Nazhir to be able to raise funds to improve asset quality according to program planning, so that the waqf assets can be widely useful for the community and generate value that continues to flow. This paper reviews the asset-based waqf program funding model that is useful for realizing the nazhir waqf program. This study looked at three nazhirs, namely Baitulmaal Muamalat, Dompet Dhuafa, and BSI Maslahat, located in Jakarta. The research method uses an observational design with in-depth interview instruments. This research found that Nazhir, which also has Zakat institutions, strategically has a broad program funding model. In addition to the single waqf instrument model (direct-indirect) and the capital participation model by angel investors, one of the models that is also applied is to integrate waqf funds and ZIS (Zakat, Infak, Sadaqah) through the involvement of Zakat institutions. The three nazhirs implemented a policy of synergy and collaboration in funding the waqf program as part of the solution to generate benefits for the asset-based waqf program. The implementation of ZISWAF fund integration provides additional breadth of funding sources for Nazhir to realize its program, which in the end is not limited only to waqf instrument fund sources, such as waqf in the form of money, stock waqf, cash waqf linked to sukuk, and so on. Technically, Zakat institutions distribute ZIS funds to asset-based programs at their nazhir institutions while still paying attention to the principles of program accuracy, recipients, and asnaf.

Human Characteristics in the Quran: Cultivating the Virtue of Humility Through An Environmental Reading of the Quran Exegesis

Masoud Shavarani — 2025-06-30

Environmental advocates have challenged and criticized the anthropocentric doctrines present in Abrahamic religions, including Islamic theology. The term “human” (“al-insān” in Arabic) holds significance in defining the human’s place in nature, as depicted in various Quranic verses where it is frequently associated with blameworthy characteristics. In these verses, the Quran always reminds human weaknesses and powerlessness. The characteristics used to describe humans in the Quran include: weak (ḍaʿīf), despondent (yaʾūs), ungrateful (kafūr), vain (fariḥ), braggart (fakhūr), hopeless (qanūṭ), niggardly (qatūr), covetous (halūʿ), apprehensive (jazūʿ), grudging (manūʿ), in loss (khusr), unthankful (kanūd), disputatious (jadal), rebellious (ṭughyān), overhasty (ʿajūl), in delusion (ghurūr), laborious (kādiḥ), in travail (kabad), the lowest of the low (asfal sāfilīn), dry clay (ṣalṣāl), aging mud (ḥamaʾ masnūn), and denier of the resurrection. The word “insān” in the Quran is never associated with praiseworthy human characteristics. The negative attributes associated with this term imply the significance of humility, humbleness, and discourage arrogance and grandiosity. These teachings serve as an invitation for individuals to refrain from asserting dominance or superiority over others, including other beings in nature. Instead, the emphasis is placed on embracing the ethics of servitude and humility.

The Tenacity of The Prophet’s Companions: A Historical Study of Their Noble Characters

Usman Jimoh Muhammad — 2025-06-30

This paper explores the origin of Islam as a divine religion revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and conveyed to mankind. The demise of the prophet, however, did not bring an end to the message of Islam. It was as a result of the tenacity of his companions, who were able to completely comprehend the message, preserve the teachings, and entrust them to the next generation. The life chronicle of the companions unveils how they sacrificed their noble status, life, and wealth for the cause of Islam. Their practical application of the teachings of the religion, such as their tenacity in upholding the spirit of truthfulness and trustworthiness, embracing the love for the prophet and his family, promoting the spirit of brotherhood, and ensuring swift compliance with his instructions, is noteworthy. This paper equally looks into their commitment to preserving and disseminating the message of Islam, and how they promoted harmonious Muslim non-Muslim relations, following the dictates of the Quran and the teachings of the prophet. The research adopted a library method to explore related materials from various library collections. In conclusion, this study disclosed the dedication of the prophet’s companions as a means through which God aims to ensure the continuity of the message of Islam for future generations. In addition, their exemplary life inspires Muslims to follow in their footsteps in promoting the path of Islam.

Rationality in Religious Epistemology: An Analysis of Abdul-Karim Soroush’s View on the Transformation of Contemporary Religious Thought

Abd Basit — 2025-06-30

The rapid development of science and social changes in the contemporary era have created a tension between traditional religious thought and the modern world. Religion is often viewed as a static system, while science and technology continue to evolve. This research aims to explore how Soroush distinguishes between religion as eternal revelation and religious knowledge as a product of human effort that can evolve in response to changes over time. The methodology used in this research is qualitative analysis with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that Soroush emphasizes the importance of intellectual humility in facing the plurality of religious interpretations, viewing religious knowledge as an ongoing process that evolves according to social and scientific changes without compromising the essence of revelation. Academically, this research contributes to the study of religious epistemology by providing insights into how Soroush’s thought can help redefine the relationship between religion and science in the context of the contemporary world, as well as renewing religious understanding more flexibly and dynamically.