Gender Differences, Framing, and Responsibility in Investment Decision-Making: An Experimental Study
Abstract
Research aims: This study aims to investigate the effect of gender, framing, and responsibility on investment decision-making.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This experimental study used a subject design of 2 x 2 x 2, in which 81 doctoral students participated. Furthermore, cross-tabulation was employed to analyze and examine the hypotheses.
Research findings: The results revealed that positive and negative framing and responsibility levels would affect investment decision-making. This research also uncovered differences in risk preferences in decision-making between men and women. Additionally, both genders had varying preferences in making similar decisions.
Theoretical contribution/Originality: Several studies have shown that when information is presented differently, here in after referred to as framing, it significantly influences decisions. However, the decision-making determination is influenced not only by framing but also by other variables. In this study, the framing variable, therefore, was tested jointly with the variables of responsibility and gender differences.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agranov, M., Bisin, A., & Schotter, A. (2013). An experimental study of the impact of competition for Other People’s Money: the portfolio manager market. Experimental Economics, 17(4), 564–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-013-9384-6
Allen, B. (1996). Information Needs. Information Tasks: Toward a User-Centered Approach to Information Systems, 55–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1876-0562(1996)0000096004
Aprayuda, R., Misra, F., & Kartika, R. (2021). Does the Order of Information Affect Investors' Investment Decisions? Experimental Investigation. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 22(1), 150-172. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v22i1.9965
Atanasov, P. D. (2012). Comparing Risk Preferences in Choices for Self and Others: An Application of the Multiple Price Lottery Method. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3444978
Baixauli-Soler, J. S., Belda-Ruiz, M., & Sanchez-Marin, G. (2015). Executive stock options, gender diversity in the top management team, and firm risk taking. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.06.003
Bazerman, M. H., Beekun, R. I., & Schoorman, F. D. (1982). Performance evaluation in a dynamic context: A laboratory study of the impact of a prior commitment to the ratee. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(6), 873–876. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.6.873
Bliss, R. T., & Potter, M. E. (2002). Mutual fund managers: does gender matter? The Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 8(1), 1-15.
Bonem, E. M., Ellsworth, P. C., & Gonzalez, R. (2015). Age Differences in Risk: Perceptions, Intentions and Domains. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 28(4), 317–330. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1848
Booij, A. S., van Praag, B. M. S., & van de Kuilen, G. (2009). A parametric analysis of prospect theory’s functionals for the general population. Theory and Decision, 68(1–2), 115–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-009-9144-4
Botchway, H. B., & Rashedi, H. (2020). The Perceptions of Managers on the Usefulness of Accounting Information during the Decision-Making Process (Case Study: Iran Khodro Automotive Co). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3514157
Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2015). Fuzzy-trace theory and lifespan cognitive development. Developmental Review, 38, 89–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.07.006
Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
Camerer, C. F. (2000). Prospect Theory in the Wild: Evidence from the Field. Choices, Values, and Frames, 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511803475.017
Chang, C. J., Yen, S.-H., & Duh, R.-R. (2002). An Empirical Examination of Competing Theories to Explain the Framing Effect in Accounting-Related Decisions. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 14(1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria.2002.14.1.35
Chen, J. (2005). Gender Differences in Risk Taking: Are Women More Risk Averse? University Van Tilburg.
Chu, J., Chin, K.-S., Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2017). A prospect theory-based approach to multiple attribute decision making considering the decision maker’s attitudinal character. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 32(3), 2563–2578. https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-16543
Faccio, M., Marchica, M.-T., & Mura, R. (2016). CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 39, 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.02.008
Floştoiu, S. (2019). The Role and Place of Accounting Information in the Decision-Making System. International Conference Knowledge-Based Organization, 25(2), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0055
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (VIII). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Francis, B., Hasan, I., Park, J. C., & Wu, Q. (2014). Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision Making: Evidence from Accounting Conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research, 32(3), 1285–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12098
Haerem, T., Kuvaas, B., Bakken, B. T., & Karlsen, T. (2010). Do military decision makers behave as predicted by prospect theory? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 24(5), 482–497. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.704
Hansen, D. R., & Mowen, M. M. (2007). Management Accounting. USA: Thomson South-Western.
Harris, C. R., Jenkins, M., & Glaser, D. (2006). Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men? Judgment and Decision Making, 1(1), 48–63.
Huang, Y., & Wang, L. (2010). Sex differences in framing effects across task domain. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 649–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.005
Iqbal, Z., O, S., & Baek, H. Y. (2006). Are Female Executives More Risk-Averse than Male Executives? Atlantic Economic Journal, 34(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-006-6123-9
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Krueger, P. M., Wilson, R. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2017). Strategies for exploration in the domain of losses. Judgment and Decision Making, 12(2), 104-117.
Kühberger, A. (1995). The Framing of Decisions: A New Look at Old Problems. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62(2), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1995.1046
Kühberger, A., & Tanner, C. (2009). Risky choice framing: Task versions and a comparison of prospect theory and fuzzy-trace theory. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23(3), 314–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.656
Laudon. K. C., & Laudon., J. P. (2018). Management Information System: Managing The Digital Firm. 15th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Lin, C., & Dilara, G. (2022). Women Are Risk-Takers Too: Busting Gender Myths in the Star. Retrieved September 27, 2022, from INSEAD website: https://www.leaderonomics.com/articles/leadership/women-are-risktakers-too-busting-gender-myths-in-the-star
Linde, J., & Vis, B. (2016). Do Politicians Take Risks Like the Rest of Us? An Experimental Test of Prospect Theory Under MPs. Political Psychology, 38(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12335
Maulid, L. C., Bawono, I. R., & Sudibyo, Y. A. (2021). The Effect of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 16(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v16i1.3172
Maxfield, S., Shapiro, M., Gupta, V., & Hass, S. (2010). Gender and risk: women, risk taking and risk aversion. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(7), 586–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011081383
Neale, M. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (1985). The Effects of Framing and Negotiator Overconfidence on Bargaining Behaviors and Outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/256060
Oyedokun, T. T., Otonekwu, F. O., Ambali, Z. O., & Fajonyomi, O. J. (2021). Information-as-a-thing versus information-as-a-process: the legitimate differences between information resources management and information management. Library Hi Tech News, 38(10), 14–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-10-2021-0073
Palvia, A., Vähämaa, E., & Vähämaa, S. (2014). Are Female CEOs and Chairwomen More Conservative and Risk Averse? Evidence from the Banking Industry During the Financial Crisis. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(3), 577–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2288-3
Piolatto, A., & Rablen, M. D. (2016). Prospect theory and tax evasion: a reconsideration of the Yitzhaki puzzle. Theory and Decision, 82(4), 543–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-016-9581-9
Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4870(97)00026-3
Rouyard, T., Attema, A., Baskerville, R., Leal, J., & Gray, A. (2018). Risk attitudes of people with ‘manageable’ chronic disease: An analysis under prospect theory. Social Science & Medicine, 214, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.007
Ruggeri, K., Alí, S., Berge, M. L., Bertoldo, G., Cortijos-Bernabeu, A., Bjørndal, L. D., Davison, C., Demić, E., Esteban Serna, C., Friedemann, M., Gibson, S. P., Jarke, H., Karakasheva, R., Khorrami, P., Kveder, J., Andersen, T. L., Lofthus, I. S., McGill, L., Nieto, A., … Folke, T. (2019). Not lost in translation: Successfully replicating Prospect Theory in 19 countries. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/2nyd6
Rutledge, & Harrell, A. M. (1994). The Impact of Framing Budgetary Information on Group-Shifts. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 6, 92-109.
Schubert, R., Brown, M., Gysler, M., & Brachinger, H. W. (1999). Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk Averse? American Economic Review, 89(2), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.381
Sekaran, U. (2003) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 4th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Shosaidova, D., Kwon, S., & Park, J. (2012). When females are more risk aversive? Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 25(4), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v25i4.661-680
Slovic, P. (2001). Psychological Study of Human Judgment: Implications for Investment Decision Making. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(3), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327760jpfm0203_6
Smedts, K., & de Goeij, P. (2008). Gender Differences Among Analyst Recommendations. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1102123
Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the big muddy: a study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90005-2
Sumarto, R. H. (2016). Komunikasi dalam Kegiatan Public Relations. Jurnal Informasi, 46(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v46i1.9650
Sutter, M. (2009). Individual Behavior and Group Membership: Comment. American Economic Review, 99(5), 2247–2257. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.5.2247
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683
Tykocinski, O. E., Amir, I., & Ayal, S. (2016). Embracing Chance Tactically: A Different Perspective on Risk Taking. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(3), 683–692. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1981
Van Herpen, M., Van Praag, M., & Cools, K. (2005). The Effects of Performance Measurement and Compensation on Motivation: An Empirical Study. De Economist, 153(3), 303–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-005-1990-z
Verma, A. A., Razak, F., & Detsky, A. S. (2014). Understanding Choice. JAMA, 311(6), 571. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.285245
Wang, Z.-J., Kuang, Y., Tang, H.-Y., Gao, C., Chen, A., & Chan, K. Q. (2017). Are Decisions Made by Group Representatives More Risk Averse? The Effect of Sense of Responsibility. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 31(3), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2057
Wijayanto, H. (2020). Analysis of Information System Success in the Colleges in East Java with Wijayanto’s Approach of Information System Success Model. Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 15(1), 70-82. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v15i1.2378
Xie, N., Li, Z., & Zhang, G. (2017). An intuitionistic fuzzy soft set method for stochastic decision-making applying prospect theory and grey relational analysis. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 33(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-16013
Yeung, S. (2014). Framing effect in evaluation of others’ predictions. Judgment and Decision Making, 9(5), 445–464.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v24i1.15956
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Office:
Ruang Jurnal Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis UMY
Gedung Ki Bagus Hadikusuma (E4) Lantai 2, Kampus Terpadu Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta,
Jalan Brawijaya (Lingkar Selatan), Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55183
Website: journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/ai - E-mail: jai@umy.ac.id
Journal of Accounting and Investment is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
View My Stats