Journal of Fundamental and Applied Pharmaceutical Science

Formulation and evaluation of lip balm preparations of ethanolic extract from beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)

Ismanurrahman Hadi, Tiara Aries Shinta, Teguh Adiyas Putra — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a source of betacyanin that could be used as a natural dye and is known as an antioxidant that can protect the skin from exposure to free radicals. Lip balm, one of the popular cosmetics, often uses natural ingredients as active compounds to enhance colour and promote healthy skin. This study aims to formulate beetroot ethanolic extract into a topical lip balm preparation. The beetroot was extracted using ethanol solvent. The phytochemical screening was carried out to identify phytochemicals of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids within the ethanolic extract. The extract was formulated into a lip balm preparation with extract concentrations of 0% (F1), 5% (F2), 10% (F3), and 15% (F4). After formulation, the lip balm was physically examined for organoleptic, homogeneity, acidity, spreadability, and adhesivity of the product. The phytochemical screening exhibited positive results in all phytochemical groups tested in the beetroot ethanolic extract. Meanwhile, physical evaluation of lip balm demonstrates that all formulations had a semi-solid texture, cacao scent, and red color that increased in intensity proportionate with the extracts used (F2, F3, F4). Other parameters indicate a homogeneous product with suitable acidity (pH valued at 9) and adhesivity (>4 seconds). However, the spreadability test displayed low dispersion capabilities of the lip balm. Even though the spreadability values increased with higher beetroot extract, this value remained lower than the standard minimum dispersion of lip balm, thus indicating poor spreadability of the formula. The hedonic evaluation indicates that respondents tended to like the third formulation (F3). Based on this, the best and most preferred formula is at a concentration of 10% active substance (F3).

Formulation and Organoleptic Evaluation of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Jamu Godog with Stability and Microbial Quality Assessment

Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Jamu is a traditional medicinal preparation proven to have many pharmacological properties and is widely used in Indonesian society. Unfortunately, many people do not like herbal medicine because of its unpleasant taste and odor. This phenomenon has driven much research in modifying the organoleptic parameters of jamu to make it more acceptable to the tongues and noses of consumers while still having a potent effect on health. This study, thus, aimed to formulate a roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)-enhanced jamu godog (traditional Indonesian herbal decoction) and evaluate its organoleptic properties, physical stability, and microbial quality. Jamu godog was prepared by sequentially boiling and mixing ground ginger, turmeric, lemongrass, roselle, rock sugar, and lime, with roselle concentrations set at 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%. Organoleptic attributes and pH stability were assessed before and after storage at 4°C and 25°C for seven days. Microbial contamination was measured via total plate count (TPC) after storage at 4°C for three and seven days. A hedonic test with 40 participants across two age groups evaluated sensory acceptance. Results indicate that the addition of roselle at 0.3% concentration optimized taste and overall acceptability while maintaining pH stability and microbial safety within BPOM standards throughout the storage period. This formulation demonstrates potential as a palatable and microbiologically safe herbal preparation with enhanced consumer acceptance.

TLC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Validation for Identification of Sildenafil Citrate in Aphrodisiac Herbal Medicine

Khodadad Trimawan Azizi, Perdana Priya Haresmita, Desy Ayu Irma Permatasari — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Traditional medicines, also known as jamu, have sometimes been found to contain medicinal chemicals to enhance the effectiveness of these products. Sildenafil citrate, which is clinically effective in improving erectile function, can cause harmful side effects when included in herbal products. This study, therefore, aims to validate the identification of sildenafil citrate in aphrodisiac herbal medicine using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The samples were prepared by macerating 100 mg of the jamu in 96% ethanol for 24 hours. The samples were then evaluated using TLC and a UV-visible spectrophotometer, with validation parameters including linearity, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). This study uncovered that one of the three samples tested positive for sildenafil citrate, as evidenced by similar Retention factor (Rf) values in two TLC systems. Additionally, analysis using UV-visible spectrophotometry revealed that the average content of sildenafil citrate in the sample was 23.96%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.74% and LOD and LOQ values of 10.28 and 34.27 µg/mL, respectively. The methods of analysis, including TLC and UV-visible spectrophotometry, for sildenafil citrate identification are expected to be valuable for regulatory and supervisory agencies in monitoring the distribution of such herbal medicines.

Reworking Potential of Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-25 as a Binder in The Production of Paracetamol Tablets

Agatha Budi Susiana Lestari, Lie Dofi Ananda Madelin Okana — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Binding agents play an important role in maintaining the bond between active and additional ingredients in tablets, especially when subjected to repeated compression. One commonly used binder is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-25. However, issues often arise regarding the binder's potential when undergoing multiple compressions. This research, hence, aims to determine the reworking potential of PVP K-25 with different concentration levels as a binder, focusing on the physical properties of the mixtures and the resulting paracetamol tablets. The study follows a pure experimental design with a two-way completely randomized research design. Tablets were compressed and subsequently crashed again twice. Various tests, including flow properties and compressibility for the mixtures, as well as compatibility, hardness, friability, and disintegration time for the tablets, were conducted to assess their physical properties. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis, starting with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by Kruskal-Wallis and Post-Hoc Mann-Whitney tests. The research findings indicate that PVP K-25 can maintain its potential as a binder, as evidenced by the physical properties of both the mixtures and the resulting paracetamol tablets.