Hubungan antara Periodontitis, Aterosklerosis dan Stroke Iskemik Akut
Abstract
During the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the impact of oral health on atherosclerosis and subsequent cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular diseases or stroke are among the most prevalent causes of death and disablement in industrialized countries. The expression stroke summarizes sudden central nervous deficits of different but always vascular etiologies. Periodontitis has been related to stroke, butfindings have been inconsistent. Chronic infectious diseases, including periodontal disease, were linked to stroke risk. Gingivitis and periodontitis are among the most common human infections. Gingivitis can develop within days and includes inflammatory changes of the gingiva most commonly induced by accumulation of dental plaque.
Periodontitis results from a complex interplay between chronic bacterial infection and the inflammatory host response, leading to irreversible destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, with tooth loss as a common end point. Periodontitis is associated with elevated markers of inflammation that are themselves indicators of stroke risk. Bacteria from periodontal pockets can enter the bloodstream during activities such as chewing or tooth brushing, and periodontal pathogens were identified in carotid plaques, but their role in atherogenesis is not yet understood.
Selama dua dekade ini, terjadi peningkatan perhatian yang luar biasa terhadap penelitian tentang pengaruh kesehatan mulut dan aterosklerosis yang selanjutnya menyebabkan penyakit serebrovaskuler. Salah satu penyakit tersebut adalah periodontitis yang diduga berhubungan dengan stroke, walaupun demikian beberapa penelitian masih belum ada yang konsisten tentang hubungan tersebut. Penyakit infeksi kronik, termasuk penyakit jaringan periodontal, sudah ada beberapa penelitian yang membuktikan berhubungan dengan faktor risiko stroke. Gingivitis dan periodontitis masih merupakan penyakit infeksi rongga mulut yang sering dijumpai di masyarakat. Gingivitis dapat berkembang dalam beberapa hari dan selanjutnya menyebabkan perubahan inflamasi gingiva dan kemudian terjadi akumulasi plak gigi.
Periodontitis merupakan hasil dari mekanisme yang komplek antara infeksi bakteri kronik dan respon inflamasi dari host, dan selanjutnya menyebabkan destruksi yang ireversibel pada jaringan pendukung gigi, dan akhirnya akan menyebabkan kehilangan gigi. Periodontitis sering didapatkan adanya peningkatan petanda-petanda inflamasi, dan hal tersebut juga merupakan infikator dari faktor
risiko stroke itu sendiri. Bakteri yang berasal dari pocket periodontal dapat masuk ke dalam aliran darah selama teijadi aktivitas rongga mulut misalnya pada waktu mengunyah atau gosok gigi, dan bakteri-bakteri periodontal yang patogen dapat diidentifikasi pada plak karotis, tetapi pengaruhnya terhadap proses pembentukan plak aterom (atherogenesis) belum dapat diketahui.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/mmjkk.v8i2.1481
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