Empowering Digital Citizenship in Indonesia: Navigating Urgent Digital Literacy Challenges for Effective Digital Governance

Isabella Isabella, Alfitri Alfitri, Ardiyan Saptawan, Nengyanti Nengyanti, Tawakkal Baharuddin

Abstract


Digital literacy is a crucial skill and knowledge for modern society, yet the level of digital literacy in Indonesia remains inadequate. A substantial body of research has been conducted on digital literacy in Indonesia. However, there is a scarcity of studies that have focused specifically on digital literacy policies and their role in the development of digital governance in Indonesia. Accordingly, this research aims to address this gap by analyzing the development and implementation of Indonesia's digital literacy policy to support digital governance in Indonesia. This research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing online research methods (ORMs) and NVivo 12 Plus as an analytical tool. The findings of this study demonstrate that digital literacy is a crucial factor in ensuring citizens' active involvement in governance, the efficiency of public services, the growth of the digital economy, and the security of the digital environment. It is imperative that Indonesians possess robust digital literacy skills, as this will facilitate enhanced access to online services and facilitate the integration of society into the evolving digital democratization landscape. This condition has the potential to render Indonesia prepared and responsive to the advent of the digital age. However, the implementation of digital literacy policies is also confronted with a number of inhibiting factors, including gaps in access and infrastructure, economic and social challenges, a lack of education and training, a lack of research and data, a lack of engagement and coordination between parties, rapid technological change, and a regulatory framework that is not yet fully accommodating. Consequently, Indonesia requires adaptive policies to surmount these impediments and facilitate a more uniform increase in digital literacy. By examining the evolution and implementation of digital literacy policies in Indonesia, this study provides valuable insights for relevant stakeholders, enabling the formulation and implementation of more effective digital literacy policies.


Keywords


Digital literacy; literacy policy; digital governance, digital society, public services

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adnan, M., Ghazali, M., & Othman, N. Z. S. (2022). E-Participation within the Context of e-Government Initiatives: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 8, 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2022.100015

Alharbi, A. S., Halikias, G., Rajarajan, M., & Yamin, M. (2021). A review of effectiveness of Saudi E-government data security management. International Journal of Information Technology, 13(2), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-021-00611-3

Alhassan, M. D., & Adam, I. O. (2021). The Effects of Digital Inclusion and ICT Access on the Quality of Life: A Global Perspective. Technology in Society, 64, 101511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101511

Allen, B., Tamindael, L. E., Bickerton, S. H., & Cho, W. (2020). Does Citizen Coproduction Lead to Better Urban Services in Smart Cities Projects? An Empirical Study on e-Participation in a Mobile Big Data Platform. Government Information Quarterly, 37(1), 101412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101412

Anam, K. (2023). Paling Rendah di ASEAN, Tingkat Literasi Digital RI Cuma 62%. CNBC Indonesia, February 14.

Azhari, B., & Fajri, I. (2022). Distance Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic: School Closure in Indonesia. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 53(7), 1934–1954. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2021.1875072

Baharuddin, T., Jubba, H., Nurmandi, A., & Qodir, Z. (2022). Online Social Trust in Government: Analysis of Government Policy During the Covid-19 Pandemic. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation, ICON-DEMOST 2021, September 15, 2021, Semarang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.15-9-2021.2315575

Baharuddin, T., Qodir, Z., & Loilatu, M. J. (2022). Government Website Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparative Study of Yogyakarta and South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 9(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v9i2.11474

Carlisle, S., Ivanov, S., & Dijkmans, C. (2023). The Digital Skills Divide: Evidence from the European Tourism Industry. Journal of Tourism Futures, 9(2), 240–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2020-0114

Chen, Y. C., Hu, L. T., Tseng, K. C., Juang, W. J., & Chang, C. K. (2019). Cross-Boundary e-Government Systems: Determinants of Performance. Government information quarterly, 36(3), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.02.001

Chohan, S. R., & Hu, G. (2022). Strengthening Digital Inclusion through E-Government: Cohesive ICT Training Programs to Intensify Digital Competency. Information technology for development, 28(1), 16–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2020.1841713

Chung, C. S., & Kim, S. B. (2019). A Comparative Study of Digital Government Policies, Focusing on E-Government Acts in Korea and the United States. Electronics, 8(11), 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111362

Coiro, J. (2021). Toward a Multifaceted Heuristic of Digital Reading to Inform Assessment, Research, Practice, and Policy. Reading Research Quarterly, 56(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.302

Colwell, J., Hunt-Barron, S., & Reinking, D. (2013). Obstacles to Developing Digital Literacy on the Internet in Middle School Science Instruction. Journal of Literacy Research, 45(3), 295–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X13493273

Doran, N. M., Puiu, S., Bădîrcea, R. M., Pirtea, M. G., Doran, M. D., Ciobanu, G., & Mihit, L. D. (2023). E-Government Development—A Key Factor in Government Administration Effectiveness in the European Union. Electronics, 12(3), 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030641

Eryansyah, E., Erlina, E., Fiftinova, F., & Nurweni, A. (2019). EFL Students' Needs of Digital Literacy to Meet the Demands of 21stCentury Skills. Indonesian Research Journal in Education| IRJE|, 442–460.

Furuholt, B., & Wahid, F. (2008, January). E-Government Challenges and the Role of Political Leadership in Indonesia: The Case of Sragen. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008) (pp. 411-411). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2008.134

Gao, X., & Lee, J. (2017). E-Government Services and Social Media Adoption: Experience of Small Local Governments in Nebraska State. Government Information Quarterly, 34(4), 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.005

Hsu, H. P., Wenting, Z., & Hughes, J. E. (2019). Developing Elementary Students’ Digital Literacy Through Augmented Reality Creation: Insights From a Longitudinal Analysis of Questionnaires, Interviews and Projects. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(6), 1400–1435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118794515

Jaeger, P. T., Bertot, J. C., Thompson, K. M., Katz, S. M., & DeCoster, E. J. (2012). The intersection of public policy and public access: Digital divides, digital literacy, digital inclusion, and public libraries. Public library quarterly, 31(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2012.654728

Kharisma, B. (2022). Surfing Alone? The Internet and Social Capital: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Economic Structures, 11(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-022-00267-7

Koltay, T. (2011). The Media and the Literacies: Media Literacy, Information Literacy, Digital Literacy. Media, culture & society, 33(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710393382

Khan, M. L., Welser, H. T., Cisneros, C., Manatong, G., & Idris, I. K. (2020). Digital Inequality in the Appalachian Ohio: Understanding How Demographics, Internet Access, and Skills Can Shape Vital Information Use (VIU). Telematics and Informatics, 50, 101380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101380

Lev-On, A., Steinfeld, N., Abu-Kishk, H., & Pearl Naim, S. (2021). The Long-Term Effects of Digital Literacy Programs for Disadvantaged Populations: Analyzing Participants’ Perceptions. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 19(1), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-02-2020-0019

Machmud, M., Musa, A. E. Z., Suprapto, B., & Salahudin. (2023). The Role of Public Libraries in Improving Public Literacy Through Twitter Social Media in Indonesia. Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Software and Systems Engineering, 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22408-9_10

Manoharan, A. P., & Carrizales, T. (2021). Ethical Privacy Policies for E-Government Websites. In Corruption in the Public Sector: An International Perspective (pp. 129–137). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2053-769720210000034010

McDougall, J., Readman, M., & Wilkinson, P. (2018). The Uses of (Digital) Literacy. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(3), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1462206

Mirkovski, K., Davison, R. M., & Martinsons, M. G. (2019). The Effects of Trust and Distrust on ICT-Enabled Information Sharing in Supply Chains: Evidence from Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Two Developing Economies. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 30(3), 892–926. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-06-2017-0155

Nawafleh, S. (2018). Factors Affecting the Continued Use of E-Government Websites by Citizens: An Exploratory Study in the Jordanian Public Sector. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 12(3/4), 244–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-02-2018-0015

Nedungadi, P. P., Menon, R., Gutjahr, G., Erickson, L., & Raman, R. (2018). Towards an Inclusive Digital Literacy Framework for Digital India. Education+ Training, 60(6), 516–528. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-03-2018-0061

Nugroho, M. A., & Fajar, M. A. (2017). Effects of Technology Readiness Towards Acceptance of Mandatory Web-Based Attendance System. Procedia Computer Science, 124, 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.161

Nugroho, R. A., & Nafi'ah, B. A. (2019). Internet Access Equity Policy Is the Internet Access Equity Policy Through USO Funds Effective?. IJID (International Journal on Informatics for Development), 8(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.14421/ijid.2019.08102

Olofsson, A. D., Fransson, G., & Lindberg, J. O. (2020). A Study of the Use of Digital Technology and Its Conditions with a View to Understanding What ‘Adequate Digital Competence’ May Mean in a National Policy Initiative. Educational studies, 46(6), 727–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2019.1651694

Onitsuka, K., Hidayat, A. R. T., & Huang, W. (2018). Challenges for the Next Level of Digital Divide in Rural Indonesian Communities. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 84(2), e12021. https://doi.org/10.1002/isd2.12021

Pal, J. (2009). If the State Provided Free Computer Literacy, Would It Find Takers? Evidence and Propositions from the Akshaya Project in India. Information Systems Frontiers, 11, 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-009-9173-0

Park, S., & Jae Kim, G. (2014). Lessons from South Korea’s Digital Divide Index (DDI). Info, 16(3), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1108/info-07-2013-0042

Polizzi, G. (2020). Digital Literacy and the National Curriculum for England: Learning from How the Experts Engage with and Evaluate Online Content. Computers & Education, 152, 103859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103859

Potyrała, K., & Tomczyk, Ł. (2021). Teachers in the Lifelong Learning Process: Examples of Digital Literacy. Journal of Education for Teaching, 47(2), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2021.1876499

Puspitaningrum, D., & Atmini, S. (2012). Corporate Governance Mechanism and the Level of Internet Financial Reporting: Evidence from Indonesian Companies. Procedia Economics and Finance, 2, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00075-5

Puspitasari, L., & Ishii, K. (2016). Digital Divides and Mobile Internet in Indonesia: Impact of Smartphones. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00075-5

Rachmawati, R., Choirunnisa, U., Pambagyo, Z. A., Syarafina, Y. A., & Ghiffari, R. A. (2021). Work from Home and the Use of ICT during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia and Its Impact on Cities in the Future. Sustainability, 13(12), 6760. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126760

Rahmah, A. (2015). Digital Literacy Learning System for Indonesian Citizen. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.109

Rambousek, V., Štípek, J., & Vaňková, P. (2016). Contents of Digital Literacy from the Perspective of Teachers and Pupils. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.101

Reddick, C. G., Enriquez, R., Harris, R. J., & Sharma, B. (2020). Determinants of Broadband Access and Affordability: An Analysis of a Community Survey on the Digital Divide. Cities, 106, 102904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102904

Rifaid, R., Abdurrahman, A., Baharuddin, T., & Kusuma, B. M. A. (2023). Smart City Development in the New Capital City : Indonesian Government Plans. Journal of Contemporary Governance and Public Policy, 4(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.46507/jcgpp.v4i2.141

Rifaid, R., Rachman, M. T., Baharuddin, T., & Gohwong, S. (2023). Public Trust : Indonesian Policy in Developing a New Capital City (IKN). Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v10i3.17681

Rizkinaswara, L. (2022). Kominfo Beberkan Enam Arah Peta Jalan Indonesia Digital 2021-2024. Kominfo.Go.Id. Retrieved July 11, 2023 (https://aptika.kominfo.go.id/2022/03/kominfo-beberkan-enam-arah-peta-jalan-indonesia-digital-2021-2024/).

Robinson, S. C. (2020). Trust, Transparency, and Openness: How Inclusion of Cultural Values Shapes Nordic National Public Policy Strategies for Artificial Intelligence (AI). Technology in Society, 63, 101421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101421

Rulandari, N., Natision, A., Van Kommer, V., Kesmawan, A. P., & Suryanih, S. (2022). Analysis of the Effectiveness of Taxpayer Data Security in Implementing Tax Obligations at the Directorate General of Taxes. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 9(3), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v9i3.15976

Sánchez-Cruzado, C., Santiago Campión, R., & Sánchez-Compaña, M. T. (2021). Teacher digital literacy: The indisputable challenge after COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(4), 1858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041858

Sanjaya, I. G. W., & Darma, G. S. (2023). Bali Smart Island: Smart City Implementation in Bali Province. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(2), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v10i2.17325

Sarrayrih, M. A., & Sriram, B. (2015). Major Challenges in Developing a Successful E-Government: A Review on the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 27(2), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2014.04.004

Setiawan, B., Nugraha, D. P., Irawan, A., Nathan, R. J., & Zoltan, Z. (2021). User Innovativeness and Fintech Adoption in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3), 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030188

Sharma, R., Fantin, A. R., Prabhu, N., Guan, C., & Dattakumar, A. (2016). Digital Literacy and Knowledge Societies: A Grounded Theory Investigation of Sustainable Development. Telecommunications Policy, 40(7), 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2016.05.003

Sharma, S. K., Metri, B., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Rana, N. P. (2021). Challenges Common Service Centers (CSCs) Face in Delivering e-Government Services in Rural India. Government Information Quarterly, 38(2), 101573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101573

Spencer, K. L., Deere, N. J., Aini, M., Avriandy, R., Campbell-Smith, G., Cheyne, S. M., ... & Struebig, M. J. (2023). Implications of Large-Scale Infrastructure Development for Biodiversity in Indonesian Borneo. Science of the Total Environment, 866, 161075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161075

Stofkova, J., Poliakova, A., Stofkova, K. R., Malega, P., Krejnus, M., Binasova, V., & Daneshjo, N. (2022). Digital Skills as a Significant Factor of Human Resources Development. Sustainability, 14(20), 13117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013117

Sujarwoto, S., & Tampubolon, G. (2016). Spatial inequality and the Internet divide in Indonesia 2010–2012. Telecommunications Policy, 40(7), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.08.008

Sulistyaningsih, T., Purnama, R. A., & Kulsum, U. (2023). Smart City Policy: Strategy and Implementation to Realize Smart Urban Governance in Indonesia. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 10(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v10i1.13840

Suwana, F. (2017). Empowering Indonesian Women through Building Digital Media Literacy. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38(3), 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2016.10.004

Toluyemi, S. T., & Mejabi, O. V. (2011). Can Information and Communications Technology Application Contribute to Poverty Reduction? Lessons from Nigeria. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(22), 1051–1057.

Van Laar, E., Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & De Haan, J. (2017). The Relation between 21st-Century Skills and Digital Skills: A Systematic Literature Review. Computers in human behavior, 72, 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.010

Waheduzzaman, W., & Khandaker, S. (2022). E-Participation for Combating Corruption, Increasing Voice and Accountability, and Developing Government Effectiveness: A Cross-Country Data Analysis. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 81(4), 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12544

Xin, Y., Dilanchiev, A., Ali, M., Irfan, M., & Hong, Y. (2022). Assessing Citizens’ Attitudes and Intentions to Adopt E-Government Services: A Roadmap toward Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 14(22), 15183. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215183

Yuan, Y. H., Liu, C. H., & Kuang, S. S. (2021). Innovative Interactive Teaching Model for Cultivating Digital Literacy Talent in Decision Making, Sustainability, and Computational Thinking. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095117

Zarei, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2022). Challenges of Higher Education Related to E-Learning in Developing Countries during COVID-19 Spread: A Review of the Perspectives of Students, Instructors, Policymakers, and ICT Experts. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(57), 85562–85568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14647-2




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v11i2.19258

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Governance and Public Policy

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

 


Office: 
Master of Government Affairs and Administration (MIP)
Postgraduate Building 2nd Floor UMY

Phone: +62 274 387 656 (ext: 173)

Jl. Brawijaya, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia

View My Stats

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.