Puritan, Moderate, and Liberal Youth Muslim: Islamic Identity Typology Among Generation Z Students in Indonesian Universities

Nadri Taja, Arif Hakim, Asep Dudi Suhardini, Riyandi Baehaqi, Muhamad Imam Pamungkas

Abstract


The objective of this article is to examine the categorization of student’s comprehension of religion within two Indonesian universities, namely Universitas Islam Bandung and Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, due to the presence in promoting Islamic values by offering Islamic religious education subject and religious mentoring programs in the curriculum that have a significant impact on student’s religious beliefs. The research employed a cross-sectional survey with descriptive analysis and utilized a sample of 139 students from both universities. It identified three typologies of Islamic identities within the students: first, the Puritans, who are identical to the Indonesian Salafist local leader Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas; second, the moderate Islam, influenced by Yusuf al-Qardhawi's teaching; and third, the liberal, associated with Ulil Abshar Abdala's Jaringan Islam Liberal movement. The findings are: The students enrolled in the Islamic Religious Education at Universitas Islam Bandung showed a predominant inclination towards the Puritans (50-53.3%), the moderate (30%), and the liberal (16.7-20%), respectively. Within Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia's student reveals a trend towards the Puritans (30-43.3%), the moderate (26.7- 50%), and the liberal (20-30%), respectively. This shows there is a strong inclination towards the Puritans within both universities, and it is recommended that both universities formulate policies and strategies for strengthening religious moderation.

Keywords


Youth Muslim; Puritanism; Religious Moderation; Liberalism.

Full Text:

PDF

References


A’la, B A, R Ikhwandi, and S Muzaqi. “Religious Moderation Concept in Israel, United Kingdom, and Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review.” … International Conference on … 2, no. Query date: 2023-08-15 01:53:33 (2023).

Abdalla, Ulil Abshar. Menjadi Muslim Liberal. Jakarta: Nalar, 2005.

Abdullah, Kamarulnizam. “Navigating Against Salafi-Wahabi Expansion in Malaysia: The Role of State and Society.” Studia Islamika 29, no. 1 (2022): 1–29.

Afwadzi, Benny, and Miski Miski. “Islam Moderat Di Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah: Interpretasi Dan Penerimaan Mahasiswa.” Cakrawala: Jurnal Studi Islam 17, no. 2 (2022): 59–80.

Al-maskari, Azzah, Thuraya Al-riyami, and Siraj Kunjumuhammed. “Student Experiences and Perceptions of Emergency Remote Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” no. April (2022).

Aleroud, Ahmed, Nisreen Abu-Alsheeh, and Emad Al-Shawakfa. “A Graph Proximity Feature Augmentation Approach for Identifying Accounts of Terrorists on Twitter.” Computers and Security 99 (2020): 102056.

Altaş, Nurullah. “Towards Comprehensive Religious Education (a Trial for New Research Ways within the Frame of Liberalism and Multiculturalism Concepts).” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 174 (2015): 131–136.

Andersen, Robert, Anders Holm, and James E. Côté. “The Student Mental Health Crisis: Assessing Psychiatric and Developmental Explanatory Models.” Journal of Adolescence 86, no. October 2020 (2021): 101–114.

Aras, Bülent. “The Future of Liberal Islam.” Futures 36, no. 9 (2004): 1034–1037.

Arif, Muhammad Khairan. “Moderasi Islam (Wasathiyah Islam) Perspektif Al-Qur’an, As-Sunnah Serta Pandangan Para Ulama Dan Fuqaha.” Al-Risalah 11, no. 1 (2020): 22–43.

Arifianto, Muhammad Lukman Arifianto, Yusuf Hanafi, and Faris Khoirul Anam. “Revisiting the Terminology of Bid’Ah Hasanah As a Counter Discourse Against Bid’Ah Dalalah in the Public Sphere.” Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya 23, no. 2 (2021).

Azizah, I N, and S D Handayani. “Relasi Kelompok Puritant Dan Nominal Atas Tradisi Grebeg Onje Di Desa Onje Kecamatan Mrebet Kabupaten Purbalingga.” Jurnal Penelitian Agama 23, no. 1 (2022): 1–24.

Azizah, Intan Nur. “Cultural Response of The Aboge Islamic Group to The Puritantism Movement.” In Proceeding of 2nd Internasional Conference on Strengthening Religious Values on Transdisciplinary Studies in Modern Technology Era, 12–27. Saizu Icon-Trees, 2022.

Azra, Azyumardi. “Bali and Southeast Asian Islam: Debunking the Myths.” After Bali: The Threat of Terrorism in Southeast Asia (2003): 39–57.

Berg, Herbert, Jeffrey T Kenney, and Jeffrey T Kenney. “Routledge Handbook on Early Islam Past to Present , Present to Past” (2023).

Bureau, Bruno-Olivier. Knowledge for Action: A Genealogy of Radical Islamist Discourse from Sayyid Qutb to Al-Qa‘Ida. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, 2015.

Calvert, John. “The Mythic Foundations of Radical Islam.” Orbis 48, no. 1 (2004): 29–41.

Chan, Nicholas. “In Moderation of ‘Strangers’: Terrorism, Ontological (In)Security and Counter-Narratives in Malaysia.” Critical Studies on Security 8, no. 1 (2020): 28–45.

Cherney, Adrian, and Kristina Murphy. “What Does It Mean to Be a Moderate Muslim in the War on Terror? Muslim Interpretations and Reactions.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 9, no. 2 (2016): 159–181.

Choueiri, Youssef M. Islamic Fundamentalism. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. Second Edi. Vol. 12. Elsevier, 2015.

Dahlan, Ahmad Zaini. “Islam Di Tengah Perdebatan Faham Libralisme, Dan Fundamentalisme, Dan Moderatisme.” Journal al Irfani: Ilmu al Qur’an dan Tafsir 1, no. 01 (2020): 33–52.

Davids, Nuraan. “Islam, Moderation, Radicalism, and Justly Balanced Communities.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 37, no. 3 (2017): 309–320.

Dirilen-Gumus, Ozlem. “Differences in System Justification with Respect to Gender, Political Conservatism, Socio-Economic Status and Religious Fundamentalism.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011): 2607–2611.

Djamaluddin, Ahdar, Musyarif, and Suriati. “Dakwah Dan Fenomena Gerakan Islam Liberal.” Tasamuh 18, no. 1 (2020): 96–113.

Elsässer, Sebastian. “Between Preaching and Judging: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Predicament of Takfīr (1960s–1980s).” Islamic Law and Society 9380 (2023): 1–25.

Farida, Umma. “Islam Pribumi Dan Islam Puritant : Ikhtiar Menemukan Wajah Islam Indonesia Berdasar Proses Dialektika Pemeluknya Dengan Tradisi Lokal.” FIKRAH: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan 3, no. 1 (2015): 141–156.

de Graaf, Beatrice A., and Kees van den Bos. “Religious Radicalization: Social Appraisals and Finding Radical Redemption in Extreme Beliefs.” Current Opinion in Psychology 40 (2021): 56–60.

Halim, Abdul, Ach Zukin, Rohiki Mahtum, Cendekia Insani Situbondo, Article Info, and Peradaban Dunia. “Paradigma Islam Moderat Di Indonesia Dalam Membentuk Perdamaian Dunia.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi (JISMA) 1, no. 4 (2022): 705–708. https://melatijournal.com/index.php/jisma/article/view/239.

Hamdani, Zaid, Rahimin Affandi, and Abdul Rahim. “Akar Pemikiran Hukum Islam Liberal: Analisis Terhadap Pemikiran Hukum Islam Ibrahim Hosen The Roots of Liberal Islamic Law Thought: A Study of Ibrahim Hosen Islamic Law Thought” 7, no. 3 (2020): 55–73.

Hasbullah, Hasbullah, Wilaela Wilaela, Masduki Masduki, Jamaluddin Jamaluddin, and Imron Rosidi. “Acceptance of the Existence of Salafi in the Development of Da’wah in Riau Islamic Malay Society.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022).

Hasyim, Arrazy. Teologi Muslim Puritant (Genealogi Dan Ajaran Salafi). Banten: Yayasan Wakaf Darus-Sunnah, 2019.

Helmy, Muhammad Irfan, Achmad Darojat Jumadil Kubro, and Muhamad Ali. “The Understanding of Islamic Moderation (Wasaṭiyyah Al-Islam) and the Hadiths on Inter-Religious Relations in the Javanese Pesantrens.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 11, no. 2 (2021): 377–401.

Hidayatulloh, Taufik, and Theguh Saumantri. “Pengembangan Pemahaman Sikap Moderasi Beragama Berbasis Nilai Inklusivitas Pada Mahasiswa Di Perguruan Tinggi.” Fikrah: Journal of Islamic Education 7, no. 1 (2023).

Hopkins, Nick, and Vered Kahani-Hopkins. “Reconceptualizing ‘extremism’ and ‘Moderation’: From Categories of Analysis to Categories of Practice in the Construction of Collective Identity.” British Journal of Social Psychology 48, no. 1 (2009): 99–113.

Issa, Tomayess, and Pedro Isaias. “Internet Factors Influencing Generations Y and Z in Australia and Portugal: A Practical Study.” Information Processing and Management 52, no. 4 (2016): 592–617.

Jahroni, Jajang. “Ritual, Bid’ah, and the Negotiation of the Public Sphere in Contemporary Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 25, no. 1 (2018): 1–35.

Jati, Wasisto Raharjo, Halimatusa’diah, Syamsurijal, Gutomo Bayu Aji, Muhammad Nurkhoiron, and Riwanto Tirtosudarmo. “From Intellectual to Advocacy Movement: Islamic Moderation, the Conservatives and the Shift of Interfaith Dialogue Campaign in Indonesia.” Ulumuna 26, no. 2 (2022): 472–499.

Jawas, Yazid bin Abdul Qadir. Mulia Dengan Manhaj Salaf. Bogor: Pustaka At-Taqwa, 2008.

Jubba, Hasse, Jaffary Awang, Zuly Qodir, Hannani, and Mustaqim Pabbajah. “The Contestation between Conservative and Moderate Muslims in Promoting Islamic Moderatism in Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022).

Kadi, Titi. “Mainstreaming Islamic Moderations Values in Higher Education: Policy, Implementation, and Challenges.” Dinamika Ilmu 22, no. 1 (2022): 1–15.

Kerimbayev, Nurassyl, Zhanat Umirzakova, Rustam Shadiev, and Vladimir Jotsov. “A Student-Centered Approach Using Modern Technologies in Distance Learning: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Smart Learning Environments 10, no. 1 (2023).

Khotimah, Nurul, and Fitri Shafa Kamila. “Saizu International Conference on Transdisciplinary Religious Studies (Saizu Icon-Trees) Proceeding of 2 Nd Internasional Conference on Strengthening Religious Values on Transdisciplinary Studies in Modern Technology Era The Trends of Digital Da ’ Wah :” (2022): 1–11.

Latuapo, Ismail. “Islam Liberal, Sejarah Perkembangannya, Dan Kritik Serta Saran Terhadap Pemikiran Islam Liberal.” RETORIKA : Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam 3, no. 1 (2021): 55–72.

Ma’arif, Syamsul, Hamidulloh Ibda, Farid Ahmadi, Nanang Qosim, and Nur Alfi Muanayah. “Islamic Moderation in Education and the Phenomenon of Cyberterrorism: A Systematic Literature Review.” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 31, no. 3 (2023): 1523–1533.

Maksum, Ali. “Discourses on Islam and Democracy in Indonesia A Study on the Intellectual Debate between Liberal Islam Network (JIL) and Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI).” Journal of Indonesian Islam 11, no. 2 (2017): 405–422.

Maksum, Ali, Irwan Abdullah, Siti Mas’udah, and Muhammad Saud. “Islamic Movements in Indonesia: A Critical Study of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia and Jaringan Islam Liberal.” Journal of Al-Tamaddun 17, no. 2 (2022): 71–82.

Masykur, Masykur, and Iwan Caca Gunawan. “Legal Ratio of Tafsir Maudu’i and Semantic Study.” Jurnal Iman dan Spiritualitas 1, no. 3 (2021): 377–386.

Meet, Rakesh Kumar, Devkant Kala, and Ahmad Samed Al-Adwan. “Exploring Factors Affecting the Adoption of MOOC in Generation Z Using Extended UTAUT2 Model.” Education and Information Technologies 27, no. 7 (2022): 10261–10283.

Moosa, Ebrahim. “The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. By Henri Lauzie`re.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 85, no. 2 (2017): 570–573.

Mukhlisin, Muhammad Ray Fauzan, and Muhammad Arsyam. “Genealogi Gerakan Fundamentalisme Islam Di Indonesia.” Al-Ubudiyah: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam 3, no. 2 (2022): 1–10.

Munawir, Munawir. “Muslim Puritant Dan Muslim Moderat (Pembacaan Terhadap Kedudukan Perempuan).” Fikrah, 2017.

Naldo, Jufri. “Islam Liberal Dan Ancamannya Terhadap Pemikiran Ahlu Al-Sunnah Wa Al-Jama’Ah.” Al-Hikmah: Jurnal Theosofi dan Peradaban Islam 1, no. 1 (2019): 25–35.

Nasikhin, Nasikhin, Raharjo Raaharjo, and Nasikhin Nasikhin. “Moderasi Beragama Nahdlatul Ulama Dan Muhammadiyah Dalam Konsep Islam Nusantara Dan Islam Berkemajuan.” Islamic Review: Jurnal Riset dan Kajian Keislaman 11, no. 1 (2022): 19–34.

Nasir, Muhammad, and Muhammad Khairul Rijal. “Keeping the Middle Path: Mainstreaming Religious Moderation through Islamic Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 11, no. 2 (2021): 213–241.

Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. “The Impact of IBN Taimiyya on South Asia.” Journal of Islamic Studies 1, no. 1 (1990): 120–149.

Nur, Muhammad. “Problem Terminologi Moderat Dan Puritant Dalam Pemikiran Khaled Abou El-Fadl.” Kalimah 11, no. 1 (2012): 84.

Van Nuys, Maya, and Brittnee Carter. “Framing Violence: Rhetoric and Goal Structures of Shia and Salafi Terrorist Organizations.” Politics, Religion and Ideology 22, no. 2 (2021): 209–230.

Pajarianto, Hadi, Imam Pribadi, and Puspa Sari. “Tolerance between Religions through the Role of Local Wisdom and Religious Moderation.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 78, no. 4 (2022): 1–8.

Prastyo, Tri Budi, and Hidayatul Fikra. “Analisis Wacana Islam Moderat : Kajian Tafsir Lisan Perspektif” 4, no. 1 (2022): 56–66.

Qardhawi, Yusuf. Membumikan Islam. Bandung: Mizan Media Utama, 2018.

Qodir, Zuly, Haedar Nashir, and Robert W. Hefner. “Muhammadiyah Making Indonesia’s Islamic Moderation Based on Maqāsid Sharī’ah.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 23, no. 1 (2023): 77–92.

Quisay, Walaa. “Locating ‘ Praxis ’ in Islamic Liberation Theology : God , Scripture , and the Problem of Suffering in Egyptian Prisons” (2023).

Rasmitadila, Rusi Rusmiati Aliyyah, Reza Rachmadtullah, Achmad Samsudin, Ernawulan Syaodih, Muhammad Nurtanto, and Anna Riana Suryanti Tambunan. “The Perceptions of Primary School Teachers of Online Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic Period: A Case Study in Indonesia.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 7, no. 2 (2020): 90–109.

Ridzuan, Fatin Najwa Binti, Wan Khairul Aiman Wan Mokhtar, Asma Afifah Rashid Eusoff Amiruddin, and Ahmad Safwan Jamaludin. “The Characteristic and Issues in Liberal Islam in Malaysia.” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 572–578.

Rijal, Muhammad Khairul, Muhammad Nasir, and Fathur Rahman. “Potret Moderasi Beragama Di Kalangan Mahasiswa.” Pusaka 10, no. 1 (2022): 172–185.

Ropi, Ismatu. “Whither Religious Moderation? The State and Management of Religious Affairs in Contemporary Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 26, no. 3 (2019): 597–601.

Schmidt, Leonie. “Aesthetics of Authority: ‘Islam Nusantara’ and Islamic ‘Radicalism’ in Indonesian Film and Social Media.” Religion 51, no. 2 (2021): 237–258.

Schwartz, Benjamin E. “America’s Struggle Against the Wahhabi/Neo-Salafi Movement.” Orbis 51, no. 1 (2007): 107–128.

Selvia, Sasmi, Munawar Rahmat, and Saepul Anwar. “Tingkat Pemahaman Moderasi Beragama Mahasiswa Di Perguruan Tinggi Umum Dan Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri.” Intizar 28, no. 1 (2022): 1–9.

Setiawan, David Eko, and Kalis Stevanus. “Significance of Islam Nusantara Values in an Indonesian Multicultural Society.” Journal of Al-Tamaddun 18, no. 1 (2023): 203–214.

Setyawan, Dharma, and Dwi Nugroho. “The Socio-Religious Construction: The Religious Tolerance among Salafi Muslim and Christian in Metro.” Dialog 44, no. 2 (2021): 190–203.

Shepard, William. “‘Fundamentalism’ Christian and Islamic.” Religion 17, no. 4 (1987): 355–378.

Sinta Dewi, Ning Ratna. “Liberalisme Dalam Pemikiran Islam.” Abrahamic Religions: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama 2, no. 2 (2022): 186.

Subhani, Ayatullah Ja’far. “Wahhabism- Second Eition.” Wahhabism (2021): 1–325.

Suhandary, Dian. “Moderat Dan Puritant Dalam Islam: Telaah Metode Hermeneutika Khaled M. Abou El Fadl.” Indonesian Journal of Islamic Theology and Philosophy 1, no. 1 (2019): 19–44.

Susanto, Susanto, Ayu Desrani, Suci Ramadhanti Febriani, Rosita Ilhami, and Saifullah Idris. “Religious Moderation Education in The Perspective of Millennials Generation in Indonesia.” AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan 14, no. 3 (2022): 2781–2792.

Syahbudin, Zaitun, Raja Rahima Munawarah Raja Ahmad, Kasmiati Kasmiati, Nurhayati Zein, and Musa Thahir. “Developing Students’ Religious Moderation through Group Counseling at Islamic Higher Education.” Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 9, no. 1 (2023): 15–28.

Szymkowiak, Andrzej, Boban Melović, Marina Dabić, Kishokanth Jeganathan, and Gagandeep Singh Kundi. “Information Technology and Gen Z: The Role of Teachers, the Internet, and Technology in the Education of Young People.” Technology in Society 65, no. December 2020 (2021).

Tahir, Suaib, Abdul Malik, and Novrika. Buku Panduan Pencegahan Radikalisme Di Lingkungan Kerja BUMN Dan Perusahan Swasta. Jakarta: BNPT; BUMN; Kadin Indonesia, 2020.

Tasmuji. “Teologi Transformatif.” Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam 1, no. 2 (2011): 252–269.

Thahir, Lukman S. “Islam of the Archipelago: Cosmopolitanism of Islamic Civilization in Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 21, no. 1 (2021): 23–45.

Trio Mashuri, Akbar, Abdul Rojak Lubis, and Agoes Moh Moefad. “Construction of Religious Moderation at Nahdlatul Ulama Online Media in East Java.” MUHARRIK: Jurnal Dakwah dan Sosial 6, no. 1 (2023): 71–86.

Umar, Sulaiman. “Analisis Pengetahuan, Sikap, Dan Perilaku Beragama Siswa (Kasus Pada Siswa SLTP Negeri I Dan MTs Negeri Bulukumba).” AULADUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Islam Vol. 1, no. No. 2 (2014): 204.

Ushama, Thameem. “Is Islam a Religion of Moderation or Extremism? A Study of Key Islamic Teachings.” Asian Social Science 10, no. 8 (2014): 184–197.

Usman, Munadi. “Lesbian Gay Biseksual and Transeksual (LGBT) Polemic in Indonesia: A Study of the Opinion of the Indonesian Ulama Council and the Liberal Islam Network (JIL).” ISLAMIYYAT: The International Journal of Islamic Studies 40, no. 2 (2018): Hal. 2.

Wahib, Ahmad Bunyan. “Being Pious among Indonesian Salafis.” Al-Jami’ah 55, no. 1 (2017): 1–26.

Widyantoro, Hary. “Global Islamic Liberation Theology in the Local Context of Transgendered Indonesian Muslims.” Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 19, no. 2 (2019): 235–259.

Wilonoyudho, Saratri, Lutfi Agus Salim, and Ayis Muhtaram. “The Perspective of Puritant Moslem on the Family Planning Program: The Case of Salafimovement in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.” Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 14, no. 4 (2020): 3452–3456.

Zhussipbek, Galym, and Kairat Moldashev. “Theorizing Central Asian Politics.” Theorizing Central Asian Politics, no. January 2019 (2019).

Zuhri, Syaifudin. “Regimented Islamophobia: Islam, State, and Governmentality in Indonesia.” Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies 9, no. 2 (2021): 387–422.

Zulaiha, Eni, Restu Ashari Putra, and Rizal Abdul Gani. “Selayang Pandang Tafsir Liberal Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Iman dan Spiritualitas 1, no. 2 (2021): 151–156.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/afkaruna.v20i1.20529

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdiciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies indexed by:   

Office:
Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
E6 Building 1nd Floor, Jl. Brawijaya, Geblagan, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55183