Representation of Religious Conflict in Local Media

Encep Dul Wahab, Darajat Wibawa, Enjang Muhaemin, Dyah Rahmi Astuti

Abstract


The media always try their best to represent reality for their audiences, with the hope of retaining readers and increasing company revenues. However, in depicting the reality of religious conflict, the media often contradicts the norms, ethics, and code of ethics of journalism itself. The purpose of this study was to determine the representation of religious conflict in local media, namely the Ahmadiyah conflict in West Java, which was published in the Pikiran Rakyat in news coverage from 2010 to 2011. This study used Teun A. van Dijk's critical discourse analysis method. The results of the study show that Pikiran Rakyat represents the Ahmadiyah conflict in various ways, including dividing the object of its reporting into two camps, strong and weak, by branding Ahmadiyah as a deviant, banned, and disbanded organization. The strong side is an organization supported by the government, and the weak side is Ahmadiyah, which does not receive government protection and support. Pikiran Rakyat presents news sources in this religious conflict in an unfair and balanced manner, presenting more news sources from the majority than Ahmadiyah as a minority. Pikiran Rakyat also represents ways of resolving the Ahmadiyah conflict.

Keywords


Representation, Media, Conflict, Religion

Full Text:

PDF

References


Book

Akbarzadeh, S. & Smith, B. (2005). The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media: The Age and Herald Sun Newspapers. Monash University: School of Political and Social Inquiry.

Atmakusumah, H. & Atmakusumah, P. (2009). Jurnalistik: teori dan praktik. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.

Croteau, D. & Hoynes, W. (1997). Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Pine Forge Press.

Eriyanto. (2006). Analisis Wacana: Pengantar Analisis Teks Media. Cet. Ke-5. Yogyakarta: LkiS.

Hall, S. (1982). The Rediscovery of Ideology: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies. Culture, Society and the Media, M. Gurevitch, T. Bennett,

Hall, S. (ed.) (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London/Buckingham: Sage/Open University Press.

Harre, R. & van Langenhove, L. (eds.) (1999). Positioning Theory: Moral Context of Intentional Action. Oxford: Blackwell.

Hobart, M. (2007). Black Umbrellas: Labelling and Articulating Development in the Indonesian Mass Media. Joy Moncrieffe & Rosalind Eyben (ed.). The Power of Labelling: How People are Categorized and Why it Matters. London: Earthscan bekerjasama dengan International Institute for Environment and Development.

Ibrahim, I.S. (2020). Jurnalisme Kemiskinan: Representasi Kemiskinan di Media Lokal. Jakarta: Kompas.

Kovach, B & Rosenstiel, T. (2006). Sembilan Elemen Jurnalisme: Apa yang Seharusnya Diketahui Wartawan dan Diharapkan Publik. Jakarta: Pantau.

Manan, A. & Can, E. K. (2014). Pedoman perilaku jurnalis. Jakarta: Aliansi Jurnalis Independen.

Marsden, L. & Savigny, H. (2009). Towards a theorisation of the link between media, religion and conflict. Media, Religion and Conflict. Editor Lee Marsden dan Heather Savigny. Burlington USA: Ashgate Publishing Company.

Piliang, Y.A. (2003). Hantu-Hantu Politik dan Matinya Sosial. Solo: Tiga Serangkai.

Piliang, Y.A. (2004). Posrealitas: Realitas Kebudayaan dalam Era Posmetafisika. Yogyakarta: Jalastura.

Rahmawati, E. & Anwari, T. (2013). Menyikapi pemberitaan seputar agama, Jurnalisme Keberagaman: Sebuah Panduan Peliputan, Jakarta: HIVOS dan SEJUK Press.

Reuben, R. C. (2015). The Impact of News Coverage on Conflict: Toward.

Suryana, A. (2019). Analisis Isi Pemberitaan Media tentang Kebebasan Beragama dan Toleransi antar Umat Beragama di Indonesia 2017-2018, Search for Common Ground.

Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical Investigations. Terj. G.E.M. Anscombe. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Journal

Ahmed, S. & Matthes, J. (2016). Media representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2015: A meta-analysis. The International Communication Gazette, 0 (0), 1–26.

Andarini, R.S. (2014). Jurnalisme Damai dalam Pemberitaan Ahmadiyah pada Harian Jawa Pos, Jurnal Interaksi, 3 (1), 85-93.

Bailey, O.G. & Harindranath, R. (2010). Racialized ‘Othering’: the Representation of Asylum Seekers in the News Media. Stuart Allan (ed.). Journalism: Critical Issues. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 274-286.

Demarest, L. & Godefroidt, A. & Langer, A. (2020). Understanding News Coverage of Religious-based Violence: Empirical and Theoretical Insights from Media Representations of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Journal of Communication, 70, 548–573.

Hafez, K. (2002). Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia. Political Communication. 19 (2), 225-250. DOI: 10.1080/10584600252907461.

Harre, R. & van Langenhove, L. (1991). Varieties of Positioning. Journal for the Theory of Socil Behavior. 21 (4), 393-407.

Herrscher, R. (2002). A Universal Code of Journalism Ethics: Problems, Limitations, and Proposals, Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 17 (4), 277- 289, DOI: 10.1207/S15327728JMME1704_03.

Keum, H., Hillback, E. D., Rojas, H., Gil De Zuniga, H., Shah, D. V., & Mcleod, D. M., 2005). Personifying the Radical: How News Framing Polarizes Security Concerns and Tolerance Judgments. Human Communication Research, 31 (3), 337-364.

Milioni, D.L., Doudaki, V., Tsiligiannis, P. & Vadratsikas, V.P.K. (2015). Conflict as news and news as conflict: A Multidimensional content analysis of TV news in Cyprus, International Journal of Communication (IJoC) 9. 2391–2411.

Musa, A. O. & Ferguson, N. (2013). Enemy framing and the politics of reporting religious conflicts in the Nigerian Press. Media, War and Conflict Journal, Sage. 6-20.

Musa, A. O. & Yusha’u, M. J. (2013). Conflict reporting and parachute journalism in Africa: A study of CNN and Al Jazeera’s coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research (JAMMR). 6 (2 & 3). 251–267.

Muttaqin, A. (2012). Agama dalam Representasi Ideologi Media Massa. Komunika, 2 (2).

Nelson, T.E & Clawson, R. A & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance The American Political, Science Review, 91 (3), 567-583.

Olayinka, A. P., Florence, T. T., Idowu, A. A., Ewuola, P. O. & Aderemi, A. S. (2015). Impact of Mass Media In Conflict Resolution, International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, Social Sciences and Education (IJAAR), 1 (1).

Venus, A., Pratama, A., Sugiana, D. & Noor, F. (2019). Rhetoric Analysis Tolerance and Intolerance Posts in Social Media, International Journal of Multiculturaland Multireligious Understanding Jakarta International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, 6 (2), 79-91.

Weng, E. & Halafof, A. (2020). Media Representations of Religion, Spirituality and Non-Religion in Australia, Religions, 11(7), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070332.

Wijaya, S. H. B. & Mursito B.M., & Anshori, M. (2013). Media Massa dan Intoleransi Beragama: Studi Kasus tentang Wacana Intoleransi Beragama pada Surat Kabar Lokal di Kota Surakarta Tahun 2012, Jurnal Komunikasi Massa, 6 (2), 184-185.

Wood, G. (1985). The Politics of Development Policy Labelling. Development and Change, 16 (3), 347-373.

Website

Erdianto, K. (2018). https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/01/08/18584911/ada-15-kasus-pelanggaran-hak-beragama-di-2018-terbanyak-di-jabar?page=all.

Firman, N. (2019). https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-01323218/empat-media-jawa-bali-bentuk-vartaid

Irawan, Gita. (2021). https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2021/04/06/4-faktor-penyebab-jawa-barat-ranking-1-tempat-pelanggaran-kebebasan-beragama-selama-14-tahun?page=2.

Irfan, M. (2017). dalam https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-01275304/praktik-kebebasan-beragama-di-jabar-buruk-akibat-perkembangan-kelompok-intoleran. 28 Februari 2017.

Nasyit, Z. M.. (2021). https://galamedia.pikiran-rakyat.com/news/pr-351688157/kemenag-sebut-ikb-di-jabar-ketiga-terendah-secara-nasional.

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Kajari+Kuningan+Minta+Ahmadiyah+Manislor+Turunkan+Atribut+JAI, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Wali+Kota+Bogor+Keluarkan+Keputusan+Larangan+Ahmadiyah, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Respon+Pernyataan+Korpakem+Bekasi%2C++Ahmadiyah+Menolak+Disebut+Sesat, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Komponen+Muslim+Kuningan+Minta+Ahmadiyah+tetap+Harus+Dibubarkan, diakses 21 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=PPP+Minta+Ahmadiyah+Dibubarkan+++, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Muslim+Kuningan+Desak+Presiden+Segera+Bubarkan+Ahmadiyah, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=FPI+Ancam+Membubarkan+Ahmadiyah, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=FUHS+Lakukan+Aksi+Damai, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Muhammadiyah+dan+NU+Gagas+Selesaikan+Konflik+Ahmadiyah, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Sesepuh+NU+se-Wilayah+Cirebon+akan+Menyikapi+Ahmadiyah, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Pertobatan+Ahmadiyah+Hilangkan+Konflik, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Kapolda+Minta+Semua+Pihak+Menahan+Diri+, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Belasan+Anggota+Ahmadiyah+Menyatakan+Bertobat, diakses 2 Januari 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Empat+Anggota+Jemaah+Ahmadiyah+Bertobat, diakses 2 Januri 2021

https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/search?q=Pemkab+Segel+Masjid+Ahmadiyah, diakses 2 Januari 2021

Tesis and Disertation

Elizabeth, J.S. & McCabe, S. (2010). “Online News Use and Political Tolerance”, Dissertation, Detroit: Wayne State University.

Juditha, C. (2011). Dilematis media dalam pemberitaan konflik dan kekerasan. Tesis. Fisip. Universitas Indonesia.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v6i2.16165

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Journal JIWP Indexed by:

       

 

Office:

Journal of Islamic World and Politics, Magister Hubungan Internasional Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Jl. Brawijaya (Lingkar Selatan), Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Whatsapp: +62823-2679-6566 Email: jiwp@umy.university

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license.