Peran Pemeriksaan Barium Enema pada Penderita Megacolon Congenital (Hirschprung Diseases)
Abstract
Hircshprung diseases (HD) occurred in a ratio of1:5000 live births with the objective of this literature review mortality of infant 80%, while that handled can reduce up to 30%. This Literature review have goal to early diagnose of HD with introduce sign and symptom, the apperance of HD in imaging radiology examination. HD diagnosis is confirmed by signs and symptoms, i.e. the fail use of issuing meconium at a newborn more than 24 hours, followed by bilious vomit, abdominal distention, and advanced condition or for older infant undergo irritable, grunting, and because of abdominal distention with Darm contour, Darm Steifung appearances. Result of the study indicates that the supporting examination with a role of directing the HD diagnosis was radiological imaging. In the smooth photographs of anteroposterior- supine, lateral-erect, and left lateral decubitus (LLD) positions, luminal dilatation of the colon appeared, while intestinal air was not seen at pelvic region with obstructive signs of low position. The barium enema examination was a selected one for HD with a diagnostic accuracy of approximately 90%. The exercise of HD diagnosis was made as a scoring system of eight radiological signs on the Barium enema examination. A scoring of the scoring system in the determination of HD diagnoses was: 1) scores 1-3, possibility of HD was 40% with low assessment criteria; 2) scores 4-5: possibility of HD 66% with moderate assessment criteria; and 3) scores 6-8: possibility of HD 100% with high assessment criteria. It is concluded that HD diagnosis was made as a scoring system of eight radiological signs on the Barium enema examination can reduce morbidity and mortality rate.
Hirschprung diseases (HD) adalah kelainan kongenital tidak adanya sel-sel saraf parasimpatetik, yaitu aganglion intramural dan submucosa yang umumnya terjadi pada bagian distal colon yaitu rectum dan sebagian colon sigmoid. HD terjadi 1 kasus pada 5000 kelahiran hidup dengan angka mortalitas pada bayi yang tidak ditangani segera berkisar 80%, sedang yang ditangani dapat menurun sampai 30%. Tujuan penulisan literature review ini adalah mempelajari tanda dan gejala HD dan menentukan gambaran radiologi HD dari penelusuran beberapa jurnal penelitian, Penegakan diagnosis HD dari tanda dan gejala klinik yaitu kegagalan pengeluaran meconeum pada bayi baru lahir lebih 24 jam diikuti muntah bilous, distensi abdomen dan pada keadaan lanjut atau pada bayi yang lebih tua dapat berakibat iritable, nafas cepat (grunting) karena adanya distensi abdomen dengan gambaran Darm contour, Darm Steifung. Pemeriksaan penunjang yang berperan untuk mengarahkan diagnosis HD adalah pencitraan radiologi. Foto polos abdomen posisi anteroposterior-supine, Lateral-errect dan Left Lateral Decubitus (LLD), tampak dilatasi lumen colon dan tak tampak udara usus pada regio pelvic dengan tanda-tanda obstruksi letak rendah. Pemeriksaan barium enema merupakan pemeriksaan pilihan pada HD dengan akurasi diagnostik sekitar 90%. Penelitian tahun 1996 oleh A.N.O’Donovan, et al penegakan diagnosis HD dibuat sistem skoring dari 8 tanda radiologi pada pemeriksaan Barium enema, yaitu: 1). zona transisional, 2). kontraksi irreguler, 3). index rectosigmoid ( lebar maximum rectum dibagi lebar maximum sigmoid ; abnormal jika kurang dari 1, 4). spasmus, 5). adanya gambaran cobble stone mukosa pada WSCE (Water Soluble Contrast Enema), 6). mukosa irreguler, 7). mukosa yang bergerigi dan 8). retensi kontras (evakuasi lambat setelah 24 jam). Penilaian sistem skoring dalam menentukan diagnostik HD adalah: 1). Nilai 1-3 : kemungkinan HD 40% dengan kriteria penilaian rendah; 2). Nilai 4-5 : kemungkinan HD 66% dengan kriteria penilaian sedang; 3). Nilai 6-8 : kemungkinan HD 100% dengan kriteria penilaian tinggi. Kesimpulannya bahwa penegakan diagnosis HD dengan mengenali tanda dan gejala serta gambaran pemeriksaan barium enema dengan sistem skoring dapat menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian penderita HD.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/mmjkk.v9i2.1606
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