Pola Kepekaan Kuman Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Kemih dan Resistensinya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/mmjkk.v1i2.1900Keywords:
ISK, E.coli, sensitifitas antibiotik, antibiotic guidelines, Urinary Tract Infection, antimicrobal sensitivity, antibiotic guidelineAbstract
Urinary Ttract Infection is an infection/inflamation of the urinary tract (this includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra). This is caused by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, virus and parasit). Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a serious health problem commonly found in children, adult and the elderly. The diagnosis of UTI is confirmed when there is a significant bacteriuria in the urine culture (bacterial rate >10^ CFU/ml) (Kass,1956). The accurate and prompt diagnosis of UTI is very important in helping the management and therapy of UTI on the patients. The data shows that E.coli is the most common cause of UTI (50- 90%), followed by Proteus Spp, Pseudomo-nas Spp and Staphylococcus Spp (Jones et al.,1992).E.coli produces new mutant enzyme called ESBL (Extended Spectrum b- lactamase). This enzyme causes difficulty in the treatment of the microorgan-isms. Some antimicrobial drugs which have the best ability and stability to the ESBL-producing bacteria is Imipenem and Meropenem Meropenem (Comican, MG, et al., 1996). The data from NCCLS (Performance Standart for Antimi-crobial Susceptability Testing, 8ec^ 1998, Ferraro MJ) showed that ESBL-pro-ducing bacteria is resistant to all Cephalosporin and Astreonam groups.
Regarding those facts, it is therefore the choice of antimicrobial drugs for UTI treatment must be actually based on the sensitivity pattern of bacteria fiom antibiogram result (based on relevant diagnostic method or empiric data of scientific publication (educated guess) through clinical efficacy results). The availability of antibiotic guidelines is helpful for choosing antimicrobial for UTI therapy in daily practice.
In addition, it needs to be paid attention that the sensitivity pattern of bacteria causing UTI varies for each hospital, region or country.
Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK) adalah infeksi/inflamasi pada saluran kemih (termasuk ginjal,ureter,kandung kemih dan uretra) yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme (bakteri jamur,virus dan parasit). Diagnosis ISK ini ditegakkan apabila didapatkan bakteriuria bermakna dalam biakan kemih (Angka Kuman >10^ CFU/ ml) (Kass,1956). ISK adalah penyakit yang sering dijumpai di masyarakafmenyerang anak-anak/dewasa bahkan pada usia lanjut dan merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius. Penegakan diagnosa yang cepat,tepat akan sangat membantu dalam hal terapi/penatalaksanaannya terhadap penderita. Dari data yang didapat menunjukkan penyebab tersering ISK adalah Escherichia coli (50% - 90%). Disusul Proteus, Pseudomonas dan Staphylococcus (Jones et al., 1992).
Enzim mutan baru yang dikenal dengan nama ESBL (Extended Spectrum b- lactamases) banyak ditemukan pada eschericia coli sebagai penyebab tersering ISK. Penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri penghasil ESBL,cenderung lebih sulit pada pengobatannya. Beberapa antimikroba pilihan terhadap bekteri penghasil ESBL yang mempunyai aktivitas baik/stabil adalah Imipenem dan Meropenem (Comican,MG et al.1996). Dari data pada NCCLS (Performance Standart for an¬timicrobial Susceptability Testing,8e(L 1998,Ferraro MJ) disebutkan bahwa ESBL ini resisten terhadap semua golongan Sefalosporin dan Astreonam.
Dengan melihat kenyataan tersebut diatas,maka pemilihan antimikroba untuk terapi ISK harus benar-benar didasarkan dan disesuaikan dengan pola kepekaan kuman dari hasil antibiogram (berdasar metode diagnostik yang cukup relavan atau data empirik dari publikasi ilmiah (educated - guess) melalui hasil efektifitas klinik (Clinical efficacy). Tersedianya antibiotic guidelines sangat membantu dalam pemilihan terapi antibiotik dalam praktek sehari-hari. Perlu juga diperhatikan bahwa pola kepekaan kuman penyebab ISK ini untuk masing-masing rumah sakit, daerah atau negara dapat memberikan gambaran yang berbeda.
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