Inclusive, Exclusive, Didactic: Typologies of Islamic Thought on Apostasy in Muhammadiyah
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/afkaruna.v20i2.24555Keywords:
Muhammadiyah, Apostasy, Inclusive, Exclusive, Didactic.Abstract
This study explored the typologies of Islamic thought among Muhammadiyah elites in East Java concerning the discourse on apostasy. Responses vary, with the inclusive view treating apostasy as a private matter between the individual and God, a basic human right with no legal consequences, supported by the Qur'an and the 1945 Constitution. The exclusive view, however, sees apostasy as a public offense, where freedom of choice is conditional and legal repercussions are necessary. The didactic perspective understands apostasy as a moral error, best addressed through education and compassionate guidance to encourage a return to Islam. The findings indicate a dominant trend towards inclusive views but reveal inconsistencies, as elites may express inclusive views on religious freedom while adopting exclusive stances on legal aspects of apostasy. Despite these differences, all maintain a didactic approach when dealing with apostasy within families. This study underscored the dynamic nature of Islamic thought in Muhammadiyah, challenging the perception of rigidity and highlighting the influence of diverse sociological and intellectual backgrounds.
References
Abdullah, Amin. “Hak Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan: Pendekatan Filsafat Sistem dalam Usul Fikih Sosial,” Salam: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial 14, no. 1 (2011).
Adian, Donnny Gahral. Pengantar Fenomenologi. Jakarta: Koekoesan, 2020.
Ahmad bin Faris. Mu‘jam Maqayis Al-Lugah. Jilid I-VI. Beirut: Dar al-Jayl, 1991.
Al-Kasan, Abu Bakar bin Mas’ud. Badā`i ’As-Ṣanā’i` FI Tartib Abu-Sharā’i`. Kairo: Maṭba’ah al-Jamāliyah, 1910.
Ali, Attabik dan A. Zuhdi Muhdlor. Kamus Kontemporer Arab Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Multi Karya Grafika, 1998.
Ali, Athian. Kita Sudah Pernah Keluarkan Fatwa Mati Bagi Penghina Islam Seperti Ulil Abshar Abdalla,https://www.panjimas.com/news/2014/10/13
Allalwani, Taha Jabir. Apostasy in Islam: A Historical and Scriptural Analysis. London: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2011.
Amin, Mukayat. Interview. Sidoarjo, 2023.
Assagaf, Ja‘far. Kontekstualisasi Hukum Murtad Dalam Perspektif Sejarah Sosial Hadis”, Jurnal Ijtihad 14, no. 1 (2014).
Afwadzi, Benny. “Hadis Man Baddala Dinahu Faqtuluhu Telaah Semiotika Komunikasi Hadis”. Jurnal Esensia 16, no. 2. (2015).
Bakar, Abu. Argumen Al-Qur’an Tetang Eksklusivisme, Inklusivisme Dan Pluralisme. Toleransi Media Komunikasi Umat Beragama 8, no.1 (2016).
Baidhawy, Zakiyuddin. Kredo Kebebasan Beragama. Jakarta: PSAP, 2005.
Berger, Peter L dan Thomas Luckmann. Tafsir Sosial Atas Kenyataan; Risalah Tentang Sosiologi Pengetahuan. Terj. Hasan Basri. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1990.
Biyanto.”. “Pengalaman Muhamamdiyah Membumikan Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme". Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 7, no. 2 (2013).
Biyanto. Interview. Surabaya, 2023.
Bodgan dan Steven Taylor Robert. Introduction to Qualitative Reserarch Methods. New York: Jhon Wiley&Son, 1975.
Campbell, Tom. Tujuh Teori Sosial. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1994.
Creswell, John W. Research Design, Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif Dan Mixed, Terj. Achmad Fawaid. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2016.
Fadl, Khaled Abou. Selamatkan Islam Dari Muslim Puritan, Terj. Helmi Musthofa, Jakarta: Serambi, 2005.
Fanani, Sholihin. Interview. Sidoarjo, 2023.
Farawahida, dkk. “‘Faktor Dan Cabaran Pertukaran Agama Dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Melayu-Islam Di Malasyia". Jurnal Teknologi 59, (2012).
Fadl, Khaled Abou. Speaking in God’s Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women. Oxford: Oneworld Publication, 2001.
Ghazali, Abd. Moqsith. "Tafsir Atas Hukum Murtad Dalam Islam.” Jurnal Ahkam 13, no. 2 (2013).
Ghazali, Abd Moqsith. Argumen Pluralisme Agama. Depok: Kata Kita, 2009.
Hidayat, Syamsul. "Muhammadiyah Dan Paham Lain: Problem Ideologi Dan Displin Organisasi,” Tabligh 04, no. 04, (2006).
Hidayat, Syamsul dan Sudarno Shobron (ed). Pemikiran Muhamamdiyah: Respon Terhadap Liberalisme Islam. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press, 2005.
Hornby, A.S & AP Cowie, AC. Gimson. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Hamid, Nadjib. Interview. Surabaya, 2023.
Haykal, Muhammad Husein. Abu Bakar As-Siddiq; Sebuah Biografi. Jakarta: Pustaka Litera Anatrnusa, 2012.
Hidayat, Komarudin. dalam Andito (ed.), Atas Nama Agama; Wacana Agama Dalam Dialog Bebas Konflik. Bandung: Pustaka Hidayah, 1998.
Huda, Nur Kholis. Interview. Surabaya, 2023.
Husaini, Adian. “Intelektual Jahil Berbahaya,” Tabligh 03, no. 02 (2004)
Ibrahim, Saad. Interview, Malang, 2023.
Ihsan, Najih. Interview, Sidoarjo, 2023.
Jainuri, Ahmad. Interview. di Sidoarjo, 2023.
Kurzman, Charles. Wacana Islam Liberal Pemikiran Islam Kontemporer Tentang Isu-Isu Global, Terj. Bahrul Ulum Dkk. Jakarta: Paramadina, 2001.
K.B.B.I. “Arti Murtad”,” n.d. https://kbbi.web.id/murtad.
Mandhur, Abi al Fadhl Jamaluddin Muhammad bin Makarim Ibn. Lisanul 'arab jilid 3. Beirut : Dar Sader, 1990
Mahsun. Interview. Surabaya, 2023.
Maliki, Zainuddin. Interview. Surabaya, 2023.
Mannheim, Karl. Ideologi Dan Utopia: Menyingkap Kaitan Pikiran Dan Politik. Terj. Budi Hardiman. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1991.
Mas’udi, Maulana. Interview. Surabaya, 2023.
Mills, C.Wright. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Mu’ti, Abdul & Fajar Riza Ul Haq. Kristen Muhammadiyah (Konvergensi Muslim Dan Kristen Dalam Pendidikan, Yogyakarta: Al-Wasat Publishing House, 2009.
Mulkhan, Abdul Munir. KH. Ahmad Dahlan: Jejak Pembaruan Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan, Jakarta: Kompas, 2010.
Muttaqin, A Z. "Zuhairi Misrawi Mendekalrasikan Dirinya Musuh Islam Nomer Wahid”, https://www.arrahmah.id/zuhairi-misrawi-mendeklarasikan-dirinya-musuh-islam-nomer-wahid/ (2013).
Mufidah Ch, Psikologi Keluarga Islam, Malang: UIN Malang Press, 2008.
Nihaya, M, H. “Tipologi Pemikiran Islam Indonesia Perspektif Nurcholish Madjid.” Sulesana: Jurnal Wawasan Kesialaman 6, no.1 (2011).
Naim, Abdullah Ahmed. Islam Dan Negara Sekuler; Menegosiasisikan Masa Depan Syariah. Bandung: Mizan, 2007.
Nasif, Hifni Bik, Muhammad Bik Diyab, Syeikh Mustofa Thamum, Mahmud Afnadi 'Umar, Sulthon Bik Muhammad. Kitab Qowaidul Lughoh Qawa'id Al Lughah Al Arabiyah Muhaqqoq - Dkislamiyah. Jakarta : Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah, 2014
Ocktoberrinsyah. “Kemurtadan Dalam Islam: Perspektif Sejarah Dan Hukum”, Jurnal Asy-Syir’ah 49, no. 1, (2015).
Pareto, Wilfrdo. Mind and Soceity A Treatise on General Sociology. New York: Harcout Brace and Co, 1935.
Qodir, Zuly. Gerakan Sosial Islam: Manifesto Kaum Beriman. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009.
Qodir, Zuly. Syariah Demokrtik Pemberlakuan Syariah Islam Di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004.
Qurtuby, Sumanto Al. “Apostasy Dan Radikalisme Agama,” 2016 https://elsaonline.com/apostasy-dan-radikalisme-agama-2/
Raharjo, Dawam. “Berpindah Agama Tidak Berarti Murtad”, wordpress.com/2006/02/02/.
Ridha, Muhammad. Sirah Nabawiyah, Terj. Anshori Umar. Bandung: Isyad Baitus Sallam, 2010.
Rusyd, Ibnu. Bidayatul Mujtahid, Dar al-Iiya al-Kutub al-Arabiyah. t.th Juz II
Rumadi. “Mempertanyakan Hukuman Murtad Dan Penodaan Agama,” Jurnal Dialog 37, no. 2 (2014).
Soroush, Abdul Karim. Menggugat Otoritas Dan Tradisi Agama, Terj (Abdullah Ali). Jakarta: Mizan, 2002.
Saeed, Abdullah dan Hasan Saeed. Freedom of Religion, Apostasy, and Islam. Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.
Shihab, Alwi. Islam Inklusif: Menuju Sikap Terbuka Dalam Beragama. Bandung: Mizan, 1997.
Sutan, Fakhrurrozy Reno. “Virus Liberalis Di Muhammadiyah,” Tabligh 1, no.08 (2003).
Shobirin, Hasan. “Mengenal Masyarakat Padang Pasir, Sejarah Kaum Badui Arab".’ islamlib.com/kajian/mengenal-masyarakat-padang-pasir/ 2019.
S. Nasution. Didaktik Asas-Asas Mengajar. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2010.
Shihab, Alwi. Membendung Arus: Respons Gerakan Muhammadiyah Terhadap Penetrasi Misi Kristen Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Mizan, 1998.
Supriyadi, Kebaikan dalam Aksi: Filantropi Islam Sebagai Inspirasi Sosial, Yogyakarta: Relasi Inti Media, 2024.
Syamsuddin. Interview. Sidoarjo, 2023.
Tim Majelis Tarjih dan Pengembangan Pemikiran. Tafsir Tematik Al-Qur’an Tentang Hubungan Sosial Antar Umat Bergama.Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah, 2000.
Theodorou, Angelina E. “Which Countries Still Outlaw Apostasy and Blasphemy”, www.pewresearch.org/, diakses tanggal 10/12/ 2023.
Umar, Nasaruddin. Deradikalisasi Pemahaman Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo Kompas Gramedia, 2014.
Waraq, Ibnu. Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Amerika Serikat: Prometheus Books, 2003.
Wahid, Wawan Gunawan Abdul. (editor), Fikih Kebinekaan: Pandangan Islam Indonesia Tentang Umat, Kewargaan, Dan Kepemimpinan Non Muslim. Jakarta: Mizan & Ma’arif Institute, 2015.
Warizin, Khoirul. Interview. Sidoarjo, 2023.
Wulandhari, Retno. "Pengikut Gafatar Dianggap Murtad’. http://khazanah.republika.co.id/, 2023.
Yahya, Buya. “Murtad, Bagi Yang Legalkan Seks Di Luar Nikah,” 2019. https://faktabanten.co.id/.
Yusuf, S. Maryam. Konversi Agama Etnis Cina. Yogyakarta: Nadi Pustaka, 2007.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdiciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.