Insurgency, Counterinsurgency and Human Security: A Case Study of Armed Violence in Papua during the COVID-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v11i1.12558Keywords:
human security, armed violence, insurgency, counterinsurgency, COVID-19 pandemic, PapuaAbstract
Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, asserted that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a global ceasefire must be carried out to bridge human rescue assistance, assist diplomacy, and facilitate the spread reduction of the virus among vulnerable populations, especially in conflict regions. However, a pandemic can trigger resistance due to declining economic conditions, leaving opportunities for opposition movements to open. This paper endeavors to discern the dynamics of insurgency and counterinsurgency during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in Papua, with situations of armed violence between TNI-Polri and West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB). The authors argue that the vulnerability of the Papuan people during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is spread across almost all sectors, the dynamics of insurgency and counterinsurgency endanger human security and increase the suffering of Papuan people, especially those who live in conflict areas such as Intan Jaya, Mimika, Puncak, and Nduga. Therefore, using qualitative methods and secondary analysis, the authors discuss insurgency, counterinsurgency, threats, and human security in Papua during the COVID-19 pandemic.References
ABC Australia. (2021). Vaksinasi di Papua Terkendala Ketidakpercayaan Warga pada Aparat Keamanan yang Terlibat di Pusat Kesehatan. Tempo. Retrieved from https://www.tempo.co/abc/6822/vaksinasi-di-papua-terkendala-ketidakpercayaan-warga-pada-aparat-keamanan-yang-terlibat-di-pusat-kesehatan
Anugerah, P. (2021). Nakes di Papua minta jaminan keamanan setelah serangan Puskesmas oleh KKB – ‘Jangan sampai menimpa teman-teman di distrik lain’. BBC Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-58634025
Asia Justice and Rights. (2021). All the Birds are Gone: Indigenous Women Speak Out Against Forest Loss in Papua. Retrieved from Asia Justice and Rights: https://asia-ajar.org/2021/03/30/all-the-birds-are-gone-indigenous-women-speak-out-against-forest-loss-in-papua/
Asia Justice and Rights. (2021). Enduring Impunity in the Time of Corona: A Year After - Community Initiatives Across Asia [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQ1HVrHVo68&t=4794s
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme Republik Indonesia [@bnptri]. (2021, May 27). Korban Kekerasan KKB Selama Pandemi. [Instagram Photograph] Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/CPXbomlL6X9/
Basyari, I., & Susilo, N. (2021, June 21). Revisi Terbatas UU Otsus Papua Tak Tuntaskan Persoalan. Retrieved from Kompas: https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2021/06/21/revisi-terbatas-uu-otsus-papua-tak-tuntaskan-persoalan/
Bhakti, I. N., & Pigay, N. (2016). Menemukan Akar Masalah Dan Solusi Atas Konflik Papua: Supenkah?. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 9(1), 18.
CNN Indonesia. (2021). Babak Baru Pemerintah Lawan KKB di Papua. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210503064511-20-637655/babak-baru-pemerintah-lawan-kkb-di-papua
CNN Indonesia. (2021). BIN: Gugur Saat Bertugas Kebanggaan Tertinggi Insan Intelijen. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210427092140-20-635222/bin-gugur-saat-bertugas-kebanggaan-tertinggi-insan-intelijen
CNN Indonesia. (2021). BIN: OPM Dicap Teroris karena Serang Masyarakat Sipil. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210426131800-12-634799/bin-opm-dicap-teroris-karena-serang-masyarakat-sipil
CNN Indonesia. (2021). Pemerintah Total Perangi 19 KKB 'Teroris' di Papua. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210525130856-20-646705/pemerintah-total-perangi-19-kkb-teroris-di-papua
Costa, F. (2021). Anak Papua Rawan Jadi Korban Konflik Bersenjata dan Kekerasan Seksual. Retrieved from Kompas: https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2021/11/20/kondisi-anak-papua-rawan-kekerasan-seksual-dan-konflik-bersenjata
Dewi, R. (2021). Kerentanan Orang Asli Papua dalam Menghadapi Pandemi COVID-19 di Tengah Endemik dan Konflik. Retrieved from LIPI: http://www.politik.lipi.go.id/kolom/kolom-1/kolom-papua-2/1376-kerentanan-orang-asli-papua-dalam-menghadapi-pandemi-COVID-19-di-tengah-endemik-dan-konflik.
Farisa, F. (2021). Gugurnya Kabinda Papua dan Instruksi Jokowi Soal Pengejaran KKB. Retrieved from Kompas: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/04/27/10380871/gugurnya-kabinda-papua-dan-instruksi-jokowi-soal-pengejaran-kkb?page=all
Febrianti, S. W., Arum, A. S., Dermawan, W., & Akim, A. (2019). Internal Conflict Resolution between Government of Indonesia and Separatist Movement in Papua using Horse-Trading Mechanism. Society, 7(2), 83-100.
Fincher, T. (2010). Regional Autonomy as a Counterinsurgency Tool for Democratizing States: Case Studies from Aceh, Papua, and Mindanaou. Georgetown University.
Galula, D. (2006). Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.
Halkis, M. H. D. (2020). The Implementation of Penta Helix Counterinsurgency (COIN) Strategic Model in Reconstructing Special Autonomy for Papua. Society, 8(1), 234-248.
Humas Kemenko Polhukam. (2021). Dana Otsus Papua Diperpanjang, Pengawasan Lebih Diperketat. Retrieved from Humas Kemenko Polhukam: https://polkam.go.id/dana-otsus-papua-diperpanjang-pengawasan-lebih-perketat/
Ide, T. (2021). COVID-19 and armed conflict. World development, 140, 105355.
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Pansus dan Pemerintah Sepakati Revisi UU Otsus Papua Dilanjutkan ke Paripurna DPR. Retrieved from Kemenkeu RI:https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/publikasi/berita/pansus-dan-pemerintah-sepakati-revisi-uu-otsus-papua-dilanjutkan-ke-rapat-paripurna-dpr/
Marit, E. L., & Warami, H. (2018). Wacana “Papua Tanah Damai” Dalam Bingkai Otonomi Khusus Papua. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 16(1), 41-46.
Mehrl, M., & Thurner, W. (2021). The Effect Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Armed Conflict: Early Evidence. Political Studies Review, 19(2): 286-293.
Murib, T. (2021). MRP Tolak Rancangan UU Otsus “Versi” Pusat. Retrieved from Ceposonline: https://www.ceposonline.com/2021/02/01/mrp-tolak-rancangan-uu-otsus-versi-pusat/
Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language Teaching Research, 19(2), 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815572747
Neuman, W. (2011). Social Research Methods Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Novelino, A. (2021, April 27). Bamsoet Respons Kritik Usman: Memang KKB di Papua Pakai HAM?. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210427201157-20-635615/bamsoet-respons-kritik-usman-memang-kkb-di-papua-pakai-ham
Noveria, M. (Ed.). (2017). Kedaulatan Indonesia di wilayah perbatasan: perspektif multidimensi. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Nugrahaeni, C., (2021). Kejar Teroris KKB Papua, Keluarga Ditinggalkan. Retrieved from Pikiran Rakyat: https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-011990174/kejar-teroris-kkb-papua-keluarga-ditinggalkan.
O’Neill, B. (1990). Insurgency and Terrorism: Inside Modern Revolutionary Warfare. Sterling, Va: Potomac Books, Incorporated.
O’Neill, B. (2005). Terrorism and Insurgency: From Revolution to Apocalypse. Dulles, Va: Potomac Books.
Perkasa, V. (2020). Menangani COVID-19 di Papua. CSIS Commentaries DMRU-016: 1-6.
Perkasa, V. (2021). Conflict Resolution in Papua and the Label of Terrorism. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/conflict-resolution-in-papua-and-the-label-of-terrorism/
Rante, R. B., Koenti, I. J., & Sulistyaningsing, E. (2018). Implementasi Undang-Undang Otonomi Khusus di Provinsi Papua dalam Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Papua. Jurnal Kajian Hasil Penelitian Hukum, 2, 333-357.
Rustad, S. A., Nygård, H. M., & Methi, F. (2020). Are the Coronavirus Ceasefires Working?. PRIO Conflict Trends Project, April.
Sambom, S. (2020). West Papuan Human Rights Defenders News.
Setkab RI. (2021) Salinan Undang-Undang No. 2 Tahun 2021. Retrieved from Setkab RI: https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/176477/Salinan_UU_Nomor_2_Tahun_2021.pdf
Sianturi, B. H., & Hanita, M. (2020). Optimalisasi Peran Polri dalam Penanganan Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata di Papua. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 6(1), 73-94.
Suwandi, D. (2021). Densus 88 Tangkap 10 Terduga Teroris di Merauke, Papua. Retrieved from Kompas: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/05/29/142007478/densus-88-tangkap-10-terduga-teroris-di-merauke-papua
Suwandi, D. (2021). Demo Tolak Otsus Papua Dibubarkan, 23 Mahasiswa Ditahan Polisi. Retrieved from Kompas: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/07/14/142728378/demo-tolak-otsus-papua-dibubarkan-23-mahasiswa-ditahan-polisi
Tadjbakhsh, S. (2005). Human Security: Concepts and Implication with an Application to Post-Intervention Challenges in Afghanistan. Centre d'études et de recherches internationals Sciences.
Taher, A.P. (2021). Konflik Papua Menkopolhukam Mahfud Dukung Pelabelan OPM sebagai Teroris. Retrieved from Tirto: https://tirto.id/menkopolhukam-mahfud-dukung-pelabelan-opm-sebagai-teroris-geeW
Trajano, J. C. I. (2010). Ethnic nationalism and separatism in West Papua, Indonesia. Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, 16, 12-35.
United Nations. (2020). Now is The Time for A Collective New Push for Peace and Reconciliation. Retrieved from the United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/globalceasefire
Wahyuni, D. (2021). Disparitas Efek Pandemi di Papua. Retrieved from Detik: https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-5331294/disparitas-efek-pandemi-di-papua.
Wangge, H. R., & Webb-Gannon, C. (2020). Civilian resistance and the failure of the Indonesian counterinsurgency campaign in Nduga, West Papua. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 42(2), 276-301.
Worldometers. (2022). Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved from Worldometer: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
License
This journal is based on the work at journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jhi under license from Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. You are free to:
- Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms, which include the following:
- Attribution. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- Non-Commercial. You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Copyright
The author should be aware that by submitting an article to this journal, the article's copyright will be fully transferred to Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. Authors are allowed to resend their manuscript to other journals or intentionally withdraw the manuscript only if both parties (Jurnal Hubungan Internasional and Authors) have agreed on the issue. Once the manuscript has been published, authors are allowed to use their published article under Jurnal Hubungan Internasional copyrights.
All authors are required to deliver the agreement of license transfer once they submit the manuscript to Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. By signing the agreement, the copyright is attributed to this journal to protect the intellectual material for the authors. Authors are allowed to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium and in any circumstances to give appropriate credit and wide readership to the work.
