Pendekatan Konstruktivis dalam Kajian Diplomasi Publik Indonesia
Abstract
Rationalist approach remains dominant in the research of Indonesian public diplomacy. Therefore, public diplomacy is always used as a tool to gain the national interests through a particular image. In such framing, all activities in public diplomacy are intended for the state’s positive image. Besides, Rationalist still puts state as the main actor in public diplomacy. Domestic dimension did not have the same position as the state in interpreting international phenomena. Whereas, each actor has the same access to information and communication nowadays. Rationalist has given dialogue as an important contribution to public diplomacy strategy. Dialogue is one of the communication forms which have a capability to build trust between actors. Several problems in limiting the development of public diplomacy concept become a reference for proposing Constructivist as an alternative approach. This approach will help understanding public diplomacy more by putting the consciousness of the difference of national identity and relationship building as the main purposes. Several empirical studies showed that national identity preservation had already held by not only a state but also domestic dimension. This approach will give domestic dimension a wider room in public diplomacy as well as the state in interpreting international phenomenon.
Dalam kajian-kajian diplomasi publik Indonesia, pendekatan rasionalis masih merupakan pendekatan yang dominan. Akibatnya, diplomasi publik selalu diletakkan sebagai alat untuk meraih kepentingan nasional melalui citra tertentu. Pembingkaian diplomasi publik semacam ini mengarahkan sejumlah kegiatan yang dilakukan dalam diplomasi publik semata-mata demi meraih citra positif negara tersebut. Di samping itu, pendekatan ini juga masih menempatkan negara sebagai aktor utama dalam diplomasi publik. Dimensi domestik belum mendapat tempat sebagai aktor yang sejajar dalam menginterpretasi fenomena antar negara. Sementara itu pada kenyataannya, setiap aktor memiliki akses yang sama dalam informasi dan komunikasi. Rasionalis memang telah memberi kontribusi penting dalam strategi dalam diplomasi publik, yaitu dialog, dimana komunikasi dalam bentuk dialog mampu menumbuhkan kepercayaan antar aktor. Beberapa hal yang dirasa membatasi perkembangan konsepsi diplomasi publik menjadi rujukan melalui artikel ini untuk mengusulkan pendekatan Konstruktivis dalam memahami diplomasi publik. Pendekatan tersebut meletakkan kesadaran atas perbedaan identitas nasional dan relationship building sebagai tujuan utamanya. Beberapa kajian empiris menunjukkan bahwa upaya memelihara identitas nasional telah dilakukan oleh tidak saja negara tetapi juga dimensi domestik. Dengan demikian, pendekatan ini memberikan ruang bagi dimensi domestik sebagai aktor di samping negara dalam diplomasi publik
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abd. Rahman, Suranta. 2007. Diplomasi RI di Mesir dan Negara-Negara Arab pada Tahun 1947. Wacana, Vol. 9; No. 2, Oktober 2007.
Ammon, Royce. 2001. Global Television and the Shaping of World Politics: CNN, Telediplomacy and Foreign Policy. McFarland: Jefferson NC.
Berridge, GR.. 2010. Diplomacy Theory and Practice (4th ed.). Plagrave Macmillan: Hampshire.
Bolton, Roger. 2005. Habermas’s Theory of Communicative Action and the Theory of Social Capital. Paper read at meeting of Association of American Geographers. Colorado. April 2005.
Brown, John. 2012. Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Their Differences. (Online), (http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2008/0709/comm/brown_pudiplprop.html, diunduh tanggal 30 Agustus 2014).
Chandra, Alexander C. 2004. Indonesia’s Non Sate Actors in ASEAN: A New Regionalisme Agenda for Southeast Asia?. Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 26, No. 1, April 2004.
Chitty, Naren. 2007. Diplomacy Public. Paper Sumbission to the Senate Affairs, Defence and Trade Commission. Inquiry into the nature and conduct of Australian’s public diplomacy.
Chitty, Naren. Tanpa Tahun. Public Diplomacy: Courting Publics Fors Short Term Advantage or Partering Publics for Lasting Peace and Sustainable Prosperity?. (Online), (http://www.wandrenpd.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/9789004179400_FisherLucas_15-chapter_Chitty_proof-01_enabled.pdf, diunduh 20 April 2014).
Cowan, Geoffrey dan Amelia Arsenault. 2008. Moving from Monolog to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616. Sage Publications.
Devlen, Balkan et. al. 2005. The English School, International School: International Relations and Progress. Journal of International Studies Issues 7. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Effendy, Tonny Dian. 2013. Diplomasi Publik sebagai Pendukung Hubungan Indonesia-Malaysia. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, Vol. 9 No. 1 (online). (http://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/JurnalIlmiahHubunganInternasiona/article/view/540/524, diunduh tanggal 10 November 2014).
Entman, Robert M. 2003. Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House’s Frame after 9/11. Political Communication.
Fachir. A.M. 2009. Potret Hubungan Indonesia-Mesir. Kairo: KBRI Cairo.
Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. 2010. US Public Diplomacy’s Neglected Domestic Mandate. CPD Perspective on Public Diplomacy, Paper 3, 2010. Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.
Gabriela, Clarisa. 2013. Peran Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia dalam Pencapaian Kepentingan Nasionalnya. (Online), (http://repository.unhas.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/6316/skripsi%20HI%20clarissa%20gabrella.pdf?sequence=1, diunduh tanggal 10 November 2014).
Gilboa, Eytan. 2002. The Global News Networks and US Policymaking in Defense and Foreign Affairs. The Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. Kennedy School of Government: Cambridge.
Gregory, Bruce. 2008. Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of the Academic Field. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616. Sage Publications.
Hadi, Umar. 2009. Diplomasi Publik Menjembatani Persepsi Domestik dan Internasional. Tabloid Diplomasi (Online). (http://www.tabloiddiplomasi.org/previous-isuue/55-desember-2007/535-diplomasi-publik-menjembatani-persepsi-domestik-dan-internasional.html, diunduh tanggal 10 Desember 2014).
Hadiwinata, Bob Sugeng. 2007. Transformasi Isu dan Aktor di dalam Hubungan Internasional: Dari Realism hingga Konstruktivisme. Dalam Yulius P. Hermawan. Transformasi dalam Studi Hubungan Internasional Aktor, Isu dan Metodologi. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Ham, Peter Van. 2010. Social Power in International Politics. New York: Routledge.
Ham, Peter Van. 2005. Power, Public Diplomacy and the Pax Americana. Dalam Jan Melissen. The New Public Diplomacy, Soft Power in International Relation. New York: Palgrave McMillan.
Hoffman, Bruce. 2002. Rethinking Terrorism dan Counterterrorism Since 9/11. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. Taylor Francis.
Huijgh, Ellen. 2012. Public Diplomacy in Flux: Introducing the Domestic Dimension. eHague Journal of Diplomacy 7 (2012), hal. 359-367.
Huijgh, Ellen. 2011. Changing Tunes for Public Diplomacy: Exploring the Domestic Dimension. Netherlands Institute of International Relations (online). (http://www.exchangediplomacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/6.-Ellen-Huijgh_Changing-Tunes-for-Public-Diplomacy-Exploring-the-Domestic-Dimension.pdf, download 20 April 2014).
Issundari, Sri dan Iva Rachmawati. 2015. Increasing Indonesian Public Diplomacy Through IACS (Indonesian Art and Culture Scholarship) Program. Social Coservation based on Nation Character Building. International Conference on Education and Social Sciences 4th ICESS.
Nye, Joseph. 2010. The Essential New Public Diplomacy in Modern Power Politics. (Online), (http://bataviase.co.id, diunduh tanggal 10 Desember 2012).
Juyan, Zhang. 2006. PD as Symbolic Interactions: A Case Study of Asian Tsunami Relief Campaigns. Public Relation Review No. 32.
Kurniawan, Bayu dan Septina Alrianingrum. 2013. Ganefo sebagai Wahana dalam Mewujudkan Konsepsi Politik Luar Negeri Soekarno 1963-1967. Avatara, e-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah Volume 1, No 2, Mei 2013
La Porte, Teresa. 2012. The Legitimasi and Effectiveness of Non-State Actors and the Public Diplomacy Concept. Public Diplomacy Theory and Conceptual Issues. ISA Annual Covention, San Diego, April 1-4, 2012.
Leonard, Mark. 2002. Public Diplomacy. The Foreign Policy Centre. London: The Mezzanine Elizabeth House.
Lindsay, Jennifer dan Maya H.T. Liem. 2011. Ahli Waris Budaya Dunia: Menjadi Indonesia. 1950-1965. Jakarta: Pustaka Larasan.
Linklater, Andrew. 1996. Rationalism. Scott Burchill dan Andrew Linklater (ed). Theories of International Relations. London: MacMillan Press LTD.
Luhmann, Niklas. 1995. Social System. California: Stanford University Press.
Nabbs-Keller, Gretta. 2013. Reforming Indonesia’s Foreign Ministry: Ideas, Organization and Leadership. Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 35, No. 1.
Nakamura, Kennon H. dan Matthew C. Weed. 2009. U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues. Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress.7-5700. (www.crs.gov diunduh tanggal 12 Juni 2013).
Nau, Henry. 2009. Perspective on International Relations, Power, Institution, Ideas 2nd. Washington: CQ Press.
Nsson, Christer J. 2013. Diplomasi, Tawar Menawar dan Negosiasi. Dalam Walter Carlsnaess et. al.. Handbook Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Nusa Media.
Ma’mun, A. Saefudin. 2009. Citra Indonesia di Mata Dunia Gerakan Kebasan Informasi dan Diplomasi Publik. Bandung: TrueNorth.
Melissen, Jan. 2011. Beyond the New Public Diplomacy. Clingendael Paper, No. 3. The Hague Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’: Netherland.
Melissen, Jan. 2005. The New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relation. London: Palgrave.
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2005. Reading Habermas in Anarchy: Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Public Spheres. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 99, No. 3. August 2005.
Madu, Ludiro. 2008. Ambalat Netwar antara Indonesia-Malaysia, 2005: Refleksi Teoritis Mengenai Hubungan Internasional di Era Internet. Global & Strategis, Th. II, No. 1, Januari - Juni 2008.
Mueller, Sherry Lee dan Mark Rebstock. 2012. The Impact and Practice of Citizen Diplomacy. PD Magazines Issue 7 Winter 2012. USC Annenberg Press.
Peterson, Peter G. 2002. Public Diplomacy and the War on Terrorism. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81. No. 5, September-Oktober 2002.
Rasmussen, Ivan Willis. 2011. Towards A Theory of Public Diplomacy, A Quantitative Study of Public Diplomacy and Soft Power.
Rondfeldt, David dan John Arquilla. 2009. Noopolitik: A New Paradigm for Public Diplomacy. Dalam Nancy Snow. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Routledge: New York.
Sari, Fitri Dyah Ruslina Novika. 2013. Strategi Diplomasi Publik dalam Meningkatkan Citra Seni Budaya Indonesia di Mata Dunia Internasional (Studi Kasus: Seni Tari Dayak Kalimantan Timur). eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 2013. 1 (4). (ejournal.hi.fisip.unmul.org diunduh tanggal 10 November 2014).
Singer, Peter Warren. 2006. America, Islam and the 9-11 War. Current History. December 2006.
Signitzer, Benno dan Timothy Coombs. 1992. Public Relations and Public Diplomacy: Conceptual Divergence. Public Relation Review 18.
Snow, Crocker, Jr. 2008. Murrow in the Public Interest: from Press Affairs to Public Diplomacy. (http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/06/20080601113033eaifas0.5135767.html#ixzz3G2mL8WSd, diunduh tanggal 30 Agustus 2014).
Steans, Jill dan llyod Pettiford. 2009. Hubungan Internasional Perspektif dan Tema. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Stone, Diane. 2011. The ASEAN–ISIS Network: Intepretive Communities, Informal Diplomacy and Discourse of Region. (Online), (http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap, diunduh tanggal 20 April 2014).
Tan, See Seng. 2005. Non Official Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: “Civil Society” or Civil Service?. Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol 27. No 3. December 2005.
The 9/11 Commission Report. 2001. (Online), (http://www.91commission.gov/report/911report.pdf, diunduh tanggal 10 Desember 2014).
Public Diplomacy Association. What is Public Diplomacy?. (online), (http://www.publicdiplomacy.org, diunduh tanggal 10 Juli 2012).
______. 2011. FBR Akan Sweeping Warga Malaysia. (Online), (http://news.okezone.com/read/2011/10/15/338/515572/fbr-akan-sweeping-warga-malaysia, diunduh tanggal 24 Oktober 2015).
_______. 2011. Demo Kedubes Malaysia. (Online), (http://fbr-korwil-tangerang.blogspot.co.id/2011/10/demo-kedubes-malaysia.html, diunduh tanggal 24 Oktober 2015).
_______. 2010. Aktivis Bendera Sweeping Warga Malaysia. (Online), http://news.liputan6.com/read/294600/aktivis-bendera-sweeping-warga-malaysia. Diunduh tanggal 25 Oktober 2015).
_______. 2009. Warga Malaysia Di-Sweeping di Jalan Diponegoro. (Online), (http://news.detik.com/berita/1199055/warga-malaysia-di-sweeping-di-jalan-diponegoro diunduh tanggal 25 Oktober 2015).
_______. 2011. FBR Akan Sweeping Warga Malaysia. (http://news.okezone.com/read/2011/10/15/338/515572/fbr-akan-sweeping-warga-malaysia, diunduh tanggal 24 Oktober 2015).
_______. 2011. Demo Kedubes Malaysia. (Online), (http://fbr-korwil-tangerang.blogspot.co.id/2011/10/demo-kedubes-malaysia.html, diunduh tanggal 24 Oktober 2015).
_______. 2010. Aktivis Bendera Sweeping Warga Malaysia. (http://news.liputan6.com/read/294600/aktivis-bendera-sweeping-warga-malaysia, diunduh tanggal 25 Oktober 2015).
______. 2009. Warga Malaysia Di-Sweeping di Jalan Diponegoro. (Online), (http://news.detik.com/berita/1199055/warga-malaysia-di-sweeping-di-jalan-diponegoro. Diunduh tanggal 25 Oktober 2015) dan netwar (Ludiro Madu, 2008).
Trunkos, Judit. 2011. Changing Diplomacy Demands New Type of Diplomats. Institute of Cultural Diplomacy’s International Coference. The Future of US Foreign Policy and “The Revival of Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy?”. January 4-6, 2011 Washington DC.
Tuch, Hans. 1990. Communicating with the Worlds: US Public DiplomacyOverseas. New York: St. Martin.
Vickers, Rhiannon. 2004. The New Public Diplomacy: Britain and Canada Compared. Political Studies Association. Garsington Road: Blackwell Publishing.
Warsito, Tulus dan Wahyuni Kartikasari. 2007. Diplomasi Kebudayaan: Konsep dan Relevansi bagi Negara Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.
Wirajuda, Hassan. 2007. Membangun Citra Indonesia Demokratis, Moderat and Progresif: Konsolidasi Soft Power dan Aset Politik Luar Negeri RI. Disampaikan dalam Pidato Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia, Dr. Hassan Wirajuda pada Lokakarya Nasional Diplomasi Publik, 11 Desember 2007, (http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/information/details.php?type=speech&id=111)
Zaharna, RS. 2009. Mapping Out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives. Dalam Nancy Snow. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. Routledge: New York.
Zaharna, RS. 2000. Intercultural Communication and International Public Relation: Exploring Pararells. Communication Quaterly, Vol. 48. No. 1. Winter.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.5290
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Indexed by:
Editorial Office of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
Ki Bagus Hadikusumo Building, E4, 1st floor, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Jl. Brawijaya, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia
jurnalhi@umy.ac.id ariekusumapaksi@umy.ac.id
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional in collaboration with:
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
View My Stats