Humanitarian Diplomacy in Action: Examining Muhammadiyah as a Model for Faith-Based Organizational Engagement

Rahmawati Husein, Bachtiar Dwi Kurniawan, Nawang Kurniawati

Abstract


The intersection of faith organization and international humanitarian efforts remains a relatively underexplored domain within the broader discourse of non-governmental organizational studies. This research delves into the operational dynamics of Muhammadiyah, a prominent Indonesian Faith-Based Organization (FBO), as it engages in global humanitarian endeavors—a practice herein referred to as ‘humanitarian diplomacy’. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the contributions of Muhammadiyah in humanitarian diplomacy, thereby filling a gap in the literature that predominantly focuses on International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and state actors, with scant attention to national or FBO. This study parses the organization’s activities into four core dimensions, as stated by Minear and Smith (2007): the orchestration of presence, the negotiation of access, the mobilization of advocacy, and the oversight of programmatic assistance. A narrative of Muhammadiyah’s operational strategies and diplomatic engagements was reconstructed through a qualitative methodological approach, including interviews with Muhammadiyah affiliates and a comprehensive review of secondary data sources such as academic theses, research articles, and news reports. The findings revealed that Muhammadiyah’s humanitarian work has been closely aligned with the theoretical tenets proposed by Minear and Smith. The organization’s effective arrangement of its presence in various regions, strategic negotiation for access in complex environments, active engagement in advocacy to amplify the needs and rights of affected populations, and diligent monitoring of assistance programs have collectively demonstrated a sophisticated model of humanitarian diplomacy at work. This study not only contributes to a more nuanced understanding of FBOs in humanitarian diplomacy but also provides a template for other national and local NGOs seeking to navigate the challenges of international humanitarian work.


Keywords


Muhammadiyah, Faith-Based Organization, humanitarian diplomacy, NGO engagement, humanitarian work

Full Text:

PDF

References


Afandi. (2021a). Lagi, Muhammadiyah Akan Bangun Sekolah Kedua untuk Pengungsi Palestina di Lebanon. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/lagi-muhammadiyah-akan-bangun-sekolah-kedua-untuk-pengungsi-palestina-di-lebanon/

Afandi. (2021b). Tangani Konflik Mindanao, Bangsamoro Antusias Ingin Menjadi Anggota Muhammadiyah. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/tangani-konflik-mindanao-bangsa-moro-antusias-ingin-menjadi-anggota-muhammadiyah/

Alam, M. N. (2019). Kemanusiaan untuk Rohingya. Universitas Islam Indonesia.

Amrullah, A., Saputro, F. A., & Nashrullah, N. (2023). Muhammadiyah Hibahkan Rumah Sakit Lapangan Senilai Rp 2,5 Miliar ke Pemerintah Turki. https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/rqsier320/muhammadiyah-hibahkan-rumah-sakit-lapangan-senilai-rp-25-miliar-ke-pemerintah-turki-part1

Anisa, R. A. (2018). Peran Muhammadiyah dalam Isu Kemanusiaan pada Konflik Etnis Rohingya pada tahun 2012-2017 [Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta]. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_5o60y9eAAxXezzgGHXFzBdwQFnoECBEQAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.umy.ac.id%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F23968&usg=AOvVaw1bihcJUU4B6MlnaeEBvZYj&opi=89978449

Ardianto, A. (2021). Skema Bantuan Muhammadiyah untuk Palestina Dulu, Kini, dan Nanti. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/skema-bantuan-muhammadiyah-untuk-palestina-dulu-kini-dan-nanti/

Ariesta, M. (2018). Jumlah LSM di Indonesia Terus Bertambah Setiap Tahun. https://www.medcom.id/internasional/asia/zNALjreK-jumlah-lsm-di-indonesia-terus-bertambah-setiap-tahun

BBC Indonesia. (2017). Bantuan Indonesia untuk Rohingya di Bangladesh ’mulai dibagikan hari ini. Bbc.Com. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-41302028

BNPB. (2015a). Bantuan Republik Indonesia Tahap Kedua untuk Nepal. https://bnpb.go.id/berita/bantuan-republik-indonesia-tahap-kedua-untuk-nepal-

BNPB. (2015b). Perempuan-perempuan Tangguh di Tengah Bencana. https://bnpb.go.id/berita/perempuan-perempuan-tangguh-di-tengah-bencana

Creswell, J. W. (2015). Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Riset. Pustaka Pelajar.

Detik News. (2012). Galang Dana untuk Palestina, Muhammadiyah Kumpulkan Rp 327 Juta. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2100821/galang-dana-untuk-palestina-muhammadiyah-kumpulkan-rp-327-juta

Doddy. (2023). DUKUNG PENGIRIMAN EMT MUHAMMADIYAH KE TURKI, LAZISMU TERUS GALANG BANTUAN. https://lazismu.org/view/dukung-pengiriman-emt-muhammadiyah-ke-turki-lazismu-terus-galang-bantuan

Elhra. (2014). Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning in the Humanitarian Innovation Fund. Enhancing learning and research for humanitarian research.

European Union. (2022). EU HUMANITARIAN AID AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE. Eeas.Europa.Eu. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/humanitarian-emergency-response_en

Fajar, R. (2017). Muhammadiyah Harap Bantuan untuk Korban Kelaparan Dipermudah. https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/omva9b368/muhammadiyah-harap-bantuan-untuk-korban-kelaparan-dipermudah

Filantropi Indonesia. (2023). Anggota Filantropi Indonesia. https://filantropi.or.id/keanggotaan/anggota-filantropi-indonesia/?pg1=12

Frontline Negotiations. (2023). What is humanitarian negotiation? https://frontline-negotiations.org/what-is-humanitarian-negotiation/

Gabrillin, A. (2015). Indonesia Kirim Bantuan dan Tim Evakuasi untuk Bantu Korban Gempa di Nepal. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/04/29/11534891/Indonesia.Kirim.Bantuan.dan.Tim.Evakuasi.untuk.Bantu.Korban.Gempa.di.Nepal

Gumilang, P. (2017). Muhammadiyah Minta RI Sediakan Penampungan Bagi Rohingya. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20170903161055-20-239144/muhammadiyah-minta-ri-sediakan-penampungan-bagi-rohingya

Harroff-Tavel, M. (2005). The Humanitarian Diplomacy Of The International Committee Of The Red Cross. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/humanitarian-diplomacy-icrc.pdf

Hronová, T. (2020). Humanitarian Aid and Development. https://www.peopleinneed.net/what-we-do/humanitarian-aid-and-development#:~:text=How humanitarian aid and development, of poverty and develop further.

Humanitarian Forum. (2018). President of Indonesia visited Indonesian Humanitarian Alliance’s Jamtoli Camp in Cox’s Bazaar Bangladesh. Humanitarianforum.or.Id.

Ilham. (2023). Bersama Warga Lokal, Muhammadiyah Salurkan Sembako Kepada Penyintas Gempa Turki. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/bersama-warga-lokal-muhammadiyah-salurkan-sembako-kepada-penyintas-gempa-turki/

InclusionNB. (2022). Other Types of Advocacy – Group Advocacy and

Self Advocacy. https://nbacl.nb.ca/module-pages/other-types-of-advocacy-group-advocacy-and-self-advocacy/

Inclusive Security and DCAF. (2017). A Women’s Guide to Security Sector Reform: Training Curriculum. Inclusive Security and DCAF.

Intrac. (2021). M & E of Humanitarian Action. Intract for Civil Society. https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ME-of-humanitarian-action.pdf

Ishom, M. I. H. (2016). Komite Indonesia Untuk Solidaritas Palestina (Studi Gerakan Solidaritas Palestina Di Indonesia). Politik Muda, 5(2). http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-jpma1bfd160d32full.pdf

Kompas. (2009). Muhammadiyah Berikan Beasiswa kepada 16 Mahasiswa Thailand. https://tekno.kompas.com/read/2009/06/21/19525987/muhammadiyah.berikan.beasiswa.kepada.16.mahasiswa.thailand.

Laksana, B. A. (2017). Muhammadiyah Lepas Tim Kemanusiaan Bantu Pengungsi Rohingya. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3653876/muhammadiyah-lepas-tim-kemanusiaan-bantu-pengungsi-rohingya

Lauri, A. De. (2018). Humanitarian Diplomacy: A New Research Agenda. CMI Brief, 4. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjhuL26x9eAAxV49DgGHVyuAfgQFnoECCAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmi.no%2Fpublications%2F6536-humanitarian-diplomacy-a-new-research-agenda&usg=AOvVaw10hak78ex5e0zt2EbrpW0U&

Lazismu. (2018). Muhammadiyah untuk Dunia. https://info.lazismujatim.org/save-palestine/

Maharani, T. (2017). Temui Tokoh Buddha, Din Syamsuddin: Jangan Ada Kebencian Antarumat. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3711029/temui-tokoh-buddha-din-syamsuddin-jangan-ada-kebencian-antarumat.

Mancini-Griffoli, D., & Picot, A. ́. (2004). Humanitarian Negotiation: A Handbook for Securing Access, Assistance and Protection for Civilians in Armed Conflict. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.

Medina, S. (2017). Strategi Muhammadiyah Dalam Proses Perdamaian Konflik Mindanao [Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta]. http://repository.umy.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/12404/b. Halaman Judul.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

Metcalfe-Hough, V. (2021). Collaborative advocacy between humanitarian and human rights actors: Opportunities and Challenges (Humanitari). ODI. https://odi.org/en/publications/collaborative-advocacy-between-humanitarian-and-human-rights- actors-opportunities-and-challenges)

Meyer, M. A. (1996). Public Advocacy: Why the Red Cross and Red Crescent should look before it leaps. International Review of the Red Cross, 36(315).

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publication.

Minear, L., & Smith, H. (2007). Introduction. In L. Minear & H. Smith (Eds.), Humanitarian Diplomacy: Practitioners and their craft. United Nations University.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Indonesia kembali salurkan Bantuan Kemanusiaan bagi Pengungsi Palestina di Jerash, Yordania. Kemlu.Go.Id. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/4120/berita/indonesia-kembali-salurkan-bantuan-kemanusiaan-bagi-pengungsi-palestina-di-jerash-yordania

Mughni, S. A. (2022). Muhammadiyah Bangun Sumur dan Masjid di Kenya. https://www.republika.id/posts/35881/muhammadiyah-bangun-sumur-dan-masjid-di-kenya

Muhammadiyah. (2019). Muhammadiyah sebagai Juru Damai di Filipina. https://suaramuhammadiyah.id/2019/05/11/muhammadiyah-sebagai-juru-damai-di-filipina/

Muhammadiyah. (2022). Respon Muhammadiyah di Pakistan; Satu-Satunya Ormas Asal Indonesia. https://pwmjateng.com/respon-muhammadiyah-di-pakistan-satu-satunya-ormas-asal-indonesia/

Muhammadiyah. (2023a). Muhammadiyah Bergerak Himpun Bantuan untuk Korban Gempa Turki-Suriah. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/muhammadiyah-bergerak-himpun-bantuan-untuk-korban-gempa-turki-suriah/

Muhammadiyah. (2023b). Muhammadiyah Beri Ribuan Paket Ramadhan ke Warga Palestina. https://rejogja.republika.co.id/berita/rtedcy291/muhammadiyah-beri-ribuan-paket-ramadhan-ke-warga-palestina

Muhammadiyah. (2023c). Perang Saudara Pecah di Sudan, Muhammadiyah Sudan dan Mahasiswa Indonesia Segera Dievakuasi. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/perang-saudara-pecah-di-sudan-muhammadiyah-sudan-dan-mahasiswa-indonesia-segera-dievakuasi/

Muhyiddin, & Yulianto, A. (2017). PBB, OKI, dan Liga Arab Didesak Gelar Sidang Khusus. https://internasional.republika.co.id/berita/internasional/palestina-israel/17/07/26/otoz4a396-pbb-oki-dan-liga-arab-didesak-gelar-sidang-khusus?

Nashrullah, N. (2023). Muhammadiyah Kirim Relawan ke Turki Bantu Korban Gempa. https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita//rpphbu320/muhammadiyah-kirim-relawan-ke-turki-bantu-korban-gempa

Nasution, I. (2013). PP Muhammadiyah Kirim Tim Medis ke Filipina Bantu Korban Topan Haiyan. https://gorontalo.antaranews.com/berita/3039/muhammadiyah-kirim-tim-medis-ke-filipina

Novrizaldi. (2022). Sangat Besar, Peran Ormas Wujudkan Demokrasi Inklusif di Indonesia. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi399OOwteAAxU9TmwGHTaKDCUQFnoECBkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kemenkopmk.go.id%2Fsangat-besar-peran-ormas-wujudkan-demokrasi-inklusif-di-indonesia&usg=AOvVaw37BExSJBrJXU

OCHA. (2022). Humanitarian Operational Presence (3W) - Northern Region (April - June 2022). https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-humanitarian-operational-presence-3w-northern-region-april-june-2022

OECD. (2017). Humanitarian Assistance. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-topics/humanitarian-assistance.htm

OHCHR. (2011). Advocacy and intervention with the National Authorities. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter31-24pp.pdf

Prawira, A. (2017). Muhammadiyah Minta ASEAN Tekan Myanmar Soal Rohingya. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/1235735/15/muhammadiyah-minta-asean-tekan-myanmar-soal-rohingya

Priyambodo. (2008). Muhammadiyah di Thailand Selatan. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/91089/muhammadiyah-bantu-berdayakan-masyarakat-thailand-selatan

Probo, B. (2013). UNRWA Imbau Indonesia Tingkatkan Bantuan untuk

Palestina. https://www.satuharapan.com/read-detail/read/unrwa-imbau-indonesia-tingkatkan-bantuan-untuk-palestina

Puspitasari, W. (2015). Tim Kemanusiaan PKPU Berangkat ke Nepal. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/493440/tim-kemanusiaan-pkpu-berangkat-ke-nepal

Rahadi, F. (2013). Muhammadiyah Kirim Tim Relawan ke Filipina. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/mwgec8/muhammadiyah-kirim-tim-relawan-ke-filipina

Rahadi, F. (2017). Muhammadiyah Bersama Palestina dan Rohingya. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/p0ycld291/muhammadiyah-bersama-palestina-dan-rohingya

Sahroji, A. (2017). Relawan Tim Medis Muhammadiyah Ungkap Sulitnya Tembus Cox’s Bazar Bangladesh. https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2017/09/26/337/1783292/relawan-tim-medis-muhammadiyah-ungkap-sulitnya-tembus-cox-s-bazar-bangladesh

Saputro, F. A., & Rahadi, F. (2017). Muhammadiyah Beri Ribuan Paket Ramadhan ke Warga Palestina. https://rejogja.republika.co.id/berita/rtedcy291/muhammadiyah-beri-ribuan-paket-ramadhan-ke-warga-palestina

ŞEYŞANE*, V., & TANRIVERDİ-ŞEYŞANE, G. (2022). States as ‘Humanitarians’: The Turkish Brand of Humanitarian Diplomacy. Marmara University Journal of Political Science, 153–178. https://doi.org/10.14782marmarasbd.993408

Shafa, M. P. (2017). PERAN MUHAMMADIYAH DALAM MISI KEMANUSIAAN INTERNASIONAL (STUDI KASUS : GEMPA BUMI NEPAL TAHUN 2015). https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiuybTxzNeAAxWEcmwGHYaxBJIQFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.umy.ac.id%2Fid%2Feprint%2F32821%2F&usg=AOvVaw2FDg4c-vjd9eFz3MQHQKuZ&opi=89978449

Sidik, J. M., & Nadjemudin, A. (2017). Mereka yang meninggalkan kenyamanan demi Rohingya. https://sulteng.antaranews.com/berita/35238/mereka-yang-meninggalkan-kenyamanan-demi-rohingya

Suara Muhammadiyah. (2018). Bahas Krisis Rohingya, Din

Syamsuddin Temui Aung San Suu Kyi. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_zY2PwNeAAxVecWwGHQJgCg4QFnoECA4QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.suaramuhammadiyah.id%2F2018%2F05%2F31%2Fbahas-krisis-rohingya-din-syamsuddin-temui-aung-san-suu-kyi%2F&usg=

Suara Muhammadiyah. (2020). Serentak di 7 Kota, PCIM Taiwan Bagikan Ribuan Masker Cegah Corona. https://web.suaramuhammadiyah.id/2020/02/10/serentak-di-7-kota-pcim-taiwan-bagikan-ribuan-masker-cegah-corona/

Swamurti, A. (2008). Muhammadiyah Ikut Fasilitasi Perdamaian di Thailand Selatan. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/136638/muhammadiyah-ikut-fasilitasi-perdamaian-di-thailand-selatan

Syifa. (2021a). Jejak Langkah Muhammadiyah di Thailand. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/jejak-langkah-muhammadiyah-di-thailand/

Syifa. (2021b). Muhammadiyah Aid Gelar Home Gardening Training Bagi Korban Konflik Rohingya. Muhammadiyah.or.Id. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiKx4LLvteAAxXEcWwGHZScDscQFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmuhammadiyah.or.id%2Fmuhammadiyah-aid-gelar-home-gardening-training-bagi-korban-konflik-rohingya%2F&usg=AOvVaw3

Tambak, R. (2015). Warga Muhammadiyah Bantu Korban Nepal 10 Ribu Dolar AS. https://www.rmol.id/read/2015/05/18/203015/warga-muhammadiyah-bantu-korban-nepal-10-ribu-dolar-as-

The Global Humanitarian Overview. (2022). The Global Humanitarian

Overview (GHO) 2022. https://2022.gho.unocha.org/intro/about-global-humanitarian-overview/

Turunen, S. (2020). Humanitarian Diplomacy: Assessing Policies, Practices and Impact of New Forms of Humanitarian Action and Foreign Policy (Humanitarian Diplomacy: Interview with Jan Egeland). The Norwegian Refugee Council/NRC.

UNDRR. (2022). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. UNDRR. https://www.undrr.org/publication/global-assessment-report-disaster-risk-reduction-2022

UNHCR. (2010). Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: Humanitarian Access and Presence. Global Protection Cluster. https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4794a3c02.pdf

UNICEF. (2023). Introduction to Humanitarian Advocacy. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjv_8jjvteAAxU4cGwGHQ5pCekQFnoECBMQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fagora.unicef.org%2Fcourse%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D33223%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHumanitarian%2520advocacy%2520is%2520a%2520st

Veuthey, M. (2012). Humanitarian Diplomacy: Saving It When It Is Most Needed. In Geneva (Ed.), Humanitarian Space. Webster University.

Wardah, F. (2017). Indonesia Luncurkan Program Bantuan Kemanusiaan bagi Myanmar. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/indonesia-luncurkan-program-bantuan-kemanusiaan-bagi-myanmar/4009802.html




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v13i1.19673

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional

 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Indexed by:

      


Editorial Office of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 

Ki Bagus Hadikusumo Building, E4, 1st floor, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Jl. Brawijaya, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia
jurnalhi@umy.ac.id ariekusumapaksi@umy.ac.id

 


Jurnal Hubungan Internasional in collaboration with:

   


Creative Commons License   

Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

View My Stats