Kebangkitan China melalui Belt and Road Initiative dan (Re)konstruksi Hubungan Internasional dalam Sistem Westphalia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.81141Keywords:
the rise of China, tianxia, belt and road initiativeAbstract
This paper aims to examine the rise of China with the use of Chinese philosophical world concept called ‘all under heaven’ (tianxia). Even though the concept is outdated, it remains vitally important to understand how China behaves and sees the world today. This paper argues that China will continue to rise and reconstruct International Relations as a discipline based on the tianxia perspective with Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as an instrument to achieve it. This paper finds that not only does BRI help the rise of China in recent years, it also weakens the concept of Westphalia adopted by western countries. This paper contends China will rise peacefully in terms of economic sector, not the military. In addition to this, the U.S. strategy of 'free and open Indo-Pacific' remains weak in responding to BRI as well as containing the rise of China.References
ABC News. (2018, 21 Agustus). Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohammad Warns against ‘New Colonialism’ during China Visit. ABC News. Diakses 1 Februari 2019 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-21/mahathir-says-china-will-sympathise-with-malaysia-problems/10145750
Art, R. J. (2010). The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul. Political Science Quarterly, 125(3),pp. 359-391.
Auslin, M. R. (2018). The Question of American Strategy in the Indo-Pacific. A Hoover Institution Essay on a US Strategic Vision in a Changing World.
Belt & Road News. (2019). All Under Heaven: China’s Challenge to the Westphalian System. Diakses 29 Juni 2019 https://www.beltandroad.news/2019/01/12/all-under-heaven-chinas-challenge-to-the-westphalian-system/
Berger, B. H. (2018, 27 Agustus). Malaysia’s Canceled Belt and Road Initiative Projects and the Implications for China. The Diplomat. Diakses 1 Februari 2019 https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/malaysias-canceled-belt-and-road-initiative-projects-and-the-implications-for-china/
Bijian, Z. (2005). China’s Peaceful Rise to Great-Power Status. Foreign Affairs, 84(5), pp. 18-24.
Bruegel. (2016). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Can Europe Expect Trade Gains? (Working Paper No. 05). Brussels: A. G. Herrero and J. Xu.
Cai, P. (2017, 27 Maret). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Diakses 21 Januari 2019 dari https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative
Callahan, W. A. (2008). Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-Hegemonic or a New Hegemony? International Studies Review, 10, pp. 749–761.
Chance, A. (2016, 26 Januari). The 'Belt and Road Initiative' Is Not 'China’s Marshall Plan'. Why Not? The Diplomat. Diakses 24 Januari 2019 dari https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-belt-and-road-initiative-is-not-chinas-marshall-plan-why-not/
Chen, X., & Rawnsley, M. T. (2011). On ‘Tian Xia’ (All under Heaven) in Zhang Yimou’s Hero. Global Chinese Cinema, pp. 1-23.
Chin, T. (2013). The Invention of the Silk Road, 1877. Critical Inquiry, 40(1), pp. 194-219.
China Daily (Weihua). (2018). 'America First' Policy Dooms Us' Indo-Pacific Strategy to Failure. Diakses 4 Februari 2019 dari http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/03/WS5b639792a3100d951b8c8574.html
China FTA Network. (2019). China FTA Network. Diakses 5 Februari 2019 dari http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/fta_qianshu.shtml
China Highlights. (2017). Ancient Silk Road Map. Diakses 28 Januari 2019 dari https://www.chinahighlights.com/map/ancient-china-map/ancient-silk-road-map.htm
Dagusta, S. (2018, 25 April). India Sticks to Its Own Path, Says No to China’s Belt & Road Initiative. The Times of India. Diakses 2 Februari 2019 dari https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-sticks-to-its-own-path-says-no-to-chinas-belt-road-initiative/articleshow/63903471.cms
Department of Pacific Affairs (ANU). (2018). The US’s Indo-Pacific Strategy: Implications for Pacific Island Countries (Issue Brief 2018/21). Canberra: Denghua Zhang.
Djankof, S., & Miner, S. (2016). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Motives, Scope, and Challenges. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Dunne, T., Kurki, M., & Smith, S. (2nd edition). (2010). International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. USA: Oxford University Press.
Embassy of China. (2018). Impact of China's 40 Years Reform and Opening-up to Itself and the Whole World. Diakses 10 Januari 2019 dari http://bs.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxw/t1600952.htm
Foreign Service Institute of Philippines. (2018). The Indo-Pacific Construct in Australia’s White Papers: Reflections for ASEAN-Australia Future Strategic Partnership. Diakses 4 Februari 2019 dari http://www.fsi.gov.ph/the-indo-pacific-construct-in-australias-white-papers-reflections-for-asean-australia-future-strategic-partnership/
Garnaut, R., Song, L., & Fang, C. (2018). China’s 40 Years of Reform and Development. Australia: the ANU Press.
Girardi, A. (2018, 4 Desember). How China is Reviving The Silk Road by Buying Ports in The Mediterranean. Forbes. Diakses 26 Januari 2019 dari https://www.forbes.com/sites/annalisagirardi/2018/12/04/how-china-is-reviving-the-silk-road-by-buying-ports-in-the-mediterranean/#7c3e5c37476a
Habova, A. 2015. Silk Road economic belt: China’s Marshall plan, pivot to Eurasia or China’s way of foreign policy. KSI Transactions ON Knowledge Society, VIII(1),pp. 64-70.
Hillman, J. (2018, 25 Januari). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years Later (Report). Diakses dari https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-five-years-later-0
Holmes, F. (2018, 4 September). China’s Belt and Road Initiative Opens Up Unprecedented Opportunities. Forbes. Diakses 22 Januari 2019 dari https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2018/09/04/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-opens-up-unprecedented-opportunities/#17981a7a3e9a
Ikenberry, J. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West. Foreign Affairs, pp. 1-5.
Jacobson, H. K., & Oksenberg, M. (1990). China’s Participation in the IMF, World Bank, and GATT. USA: The University of Michigan.
Kartini, I. (2015). Kebijakan Jalur Sutra Baru Cina dan Implikasinya Bagi Amerika Serikat. Jurnal Kajian Wilayah (LIPI), pp. 131-147.
Kedutaan Besar China di Afrika Selatan. (2018). Jointly Building the Belt and Road for Win-Win Development. Diakses 6 Februari 2019 dari http://za.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxw/t1616698.htm
Kennedy, S. (2018, 25 September). China will Overtake the U.S. economy in Less Than 15 Years, Says HSBC, Challenging Trump’s Claim. Financial Post. Diakses 11 Januari 2019 https://business.financialpost.com/news/economy/china-will-overtake-the-u-s-in-less-than-15-years-hsbc-says
Kuo, L., & Kommenda, N. (2018). What is China’s Belt and Road Initiative? The Guardian. Diakses 22 Januari 2019 dari https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer
Laurenceson, J., Nieuwenhuizen, S. V., & Collinson, E. (2017). Decision Time: Australia’s Engagement with China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Diakses dari https://www.australiachinarelations.org/sites/default/files/20171109%20ACRI%20Research_Decision%20Time_Australia's%20engagement%20with%20China's%20Belt%20and%20Road%20Initiative.pdf
Liangyu (Ed.). (2018, 5 Maret). China to Increase 2018 Defense Budget by 8.1 Percent. Xinhua. Diakses 12 Januari 2019 dari http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/05/c_137016482.htm
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2006). China's Unpeaceful Rise. Current History, pp. 160-162.
Mingming, W. (2012). All Under Heaven (Tianxia) Cosmological Perspectives and Political Ontologies in Pre-Modern China. Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 2(1), pp. 337–383.
Mitrovic, D. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Connecting and Transforming Initiative. Belgrade: Institute for Asian Studies.
Morrison, W. M. (2018). China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States (Research Report). Diakses dari Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf
Nye, J. S. (2006). The Challenge of China. Dalam S. Van Evera (Ed.), How to Make America Safe: New Policies for National Security. Cambridge, MA: The Tobin Project.
Office of the Historian. (n.d.). Marshall Plan, 1948. Diakses 24 Januari 2019
Diakses dari dari https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan
Palit, A., & Sano, S. (2018). The United States’ Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy: Challenges for India and Japan1. Institute of South Asian Studies, 524, pp. 1-6.
Peter G. Peterson Foundation. (2018). U.S. Defense Spending Compared to Other Countries. Diakses 12 Januari 2019 dari https://www.pgpf.org/chart-archive/0053_defense-comparison
Pompeo, M. (2018). Remarks on "America's Indo-Pacific Economic Vision." Diakses 3 Februari 2019 dari https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/07/284722.htm
Pu, X. (2016). One Belt, One Road: Visions and Challenges of China’s Geoeconomic Strategy. Mainland China Studies, pp. 111-132
Qomara, G. (2015). Kebangkitan Tiongkok dan Relevansinya Terhadap Indonesia. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Universitas Airlangga, VIII(2), pp. 31-44.
Shen, S & Chan, W. (2018). A comparative study of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Marshall Plan, Palgrave Communications, 4(32), pp. 1-11.
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. (2015). China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative: New Round of Opening Up? (Issue Brief 15 April 2015). Singapore: L. Mingjiang.
Scott, D. (2013). Australia’s Embrace of the ‘Indo-Pacific’: New Term, New Region, New Strategy? International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, pp. 1-24.
Scott, M. & Sam, C. (2016, 12 Mei). Here’s How Fast China’s Economy is Catching up to the U.S. Bloomberg. Diakses 11 Januari 2019 https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/
Sharma, B. K., & Kundu, N. D. (2016). China’s One Belt One Road: Initiative, Challenges and Prospects. Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
Sidaway, J. D., & Woon, C. Y. (2017). Chinese Narratives on “One Belt, One Road” (一带一路) in Geopolitical and Imperial Contexts. The Professional Geographer, pp. 1-13.
The White House. (2017, Desember). National Security Strategy of the United States of America.
Diakses dari https:/ /www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-09"05.pdf
Tingyang, Z. (2006). Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-under-Heaven’ (Tian-Xia). Social Identities (Routledge), 12(1), pp. 29-41.
Tingyang, Z. (2009). A Political World Philosophy in Terms of All-Under-Heaven (Tian-Xia). Diogenes, pp. 5-18.
Tweed, D. (2018, 23 Agustus). China’s New Silk Road. The Washington Post. Diakses 28 Januari 2019 dari https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/chinas-new-silk-road/2018/08/23/cfd241c0-a693-11e8-ad6f-080770dcddc2_story.html?utm_term=.b9573eeffc0d
U.S. Department of Defense. (2018). FY 2018 Budget. Diakses 12 Januari 2019 dari https://dod.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0518_budget/
White, H. (2010). Power Shift: Australia’s Future between Washington and Beijing. Australia: Griffin Press.
White, H. (2011). Power Shift: Rethinking Australia’s Place in the Asian Century. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65(1), pp. 81-93.
Xuetong, Y. (2001). The Rise of China in Chenese Eyes. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(26), pp. 33-39.
Yaqing, Q. (2007). Why is There no Chinese International Relations Theory? International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 7, pp. 313–340.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
License
This journal is based on the work at journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jhi under license from Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. You are free to:
- Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms, which include the following:
- Attribution. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- Non-Commercial. You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Copyright
The author should be aware that by submitting an article to this journal, the article's copyright will be fully transferred to Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. Authors are allowed to resend their manuscript to other journals or intentionally withdraw the manuscript only if both parties (Jurnal Hubungan Internasional and Authors) have agreed on the issue. Once the manuscript has been published, authors are allowed to use their published article under Jurnal Hubungan Internasional copyrights.
All authors are required to deliver the agreement of license transfer once they submit the manuscript to Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. By signing the agreement, the copyright is attributed to this journal to protect the intellectual material for the authors. Authors are allowed to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium and in any circumstances to give appropriate credit and wide readership to the work.
