Upaya Transnational Advocacy Networks dalam Mendorong Legalisasi LGBT Rights di Thailand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.81145Keywords:
LGBT rights, Thailand, transnational advocacy network, gender equality actAbstract
This paper discusses discrimination and criminalization of LGBT community due to the government change in Thailand, from absolute to constitutional monarchy. This shift caused changes in the social construction of Thai society, which led to the repression of values and norms in Buddhist beliefs whose culture of tolerance with LGBT people. This condition led the movement of Transnational Advocacy Network to promote equality and justice for LGBT through the legality of LGBT Rights. Therefore, this paper wants to identify and analyze how Transnational Advocacy Network on LGBT issues in Thailand can encourage the legality of LGBT and why this issue can be accepted within Thai society. This case analyzed by using boomerang pattern approach on Transnational Advocacy Network in Thailand. Through this network, the non-government actor in Thailand has made various efforts to encourage LGBT people to achieve equality and urged the Thai government to implement LGBT Rights legality policy through the issuance of gender equality act BE 2558 in 2015. The domestic cultural values concept used in this paper also showed that Thai people started to accept the existence of LGBT community because the values and norms of Buddhist beliefs are in fact, goes hand in hand with the LGBT Rights policy in Thailand. This could mean that values and norms of Buddhist teachings about LGBT which used to be repressed can reappear in the community.
References
Adulyadej, H. K. (2015). Gender Equality Act. Thailand: Government of Thailand.
Anjaree. (2014, May 17). How Anjaree Comes About (History of Anjaree). Diambil kembali dari Anjaree Thailand: https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120810/http://anjaree.org/11001.html
Baker, C., & Pongpaichit, P. (2009). The Career of Khun Chang Khun Phaen. Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 97, 1-42.
Barrow, A., & Chia, J. L. (2016). Gender, Violence, and The State in Asia. New York: Routledge.
Beyrer, C. (1998). War in the Blood: Sex, Politics, and AIDS in Southest Asia. London: Zed Books.
Blitt, R. C. (2004). Who Will Watch the Watchdogs? Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations and the Case for Regulation. Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, Vol.10, 261-398.
Carpenter, R. C. (2011). Governing the Global Agenda: “Gatekeepers” and “Issue Adoption” in Transnational Advocacy Networks. Washington D.C: Cambridge University press.
CEDAW. (2017). THAILAND: Discrimination and Violence Againts Women and LBTI Persons. Thailand: Togetherness For Equality (TEA).
CIA. (2018, Desember 18). The World Factbook: Thailand. Diambil kembali dari Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html
Cortell, A. P., & Davis, J. W. (2002). Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda . International Studies Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 65-87.
Dondoli, G. (2019). Transnational Advocacy Network and Human Rights Law: Emergence and Framing of Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. New York: Routledge.
FOR-SOGI. (2018, September 14). Background of the Foundation for Gender Rights and Gender Equality. Diambil kembali dari FOR-SOGI: http://forsogi.org
Halim, A. (2015). Diskriminasi yang Melatarbelakangi ILGA dalam Upaya Pengakuan Hak-hak LGBT dari PBB. Andalas Journal of International Studies, Vol.4, No.2, 201-219.
Handley, P. M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press.
Harrison, R. V., & Jackson, P. A. (2010). The Ambiguous Allure of the West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand. Dalam D. Chakrabarty. Hongkong: Hongkong University Press.
Holzhacker, R. (2014). Gay Rights are Human Rights. Groningen: University of Groningen.
Horner, I. B. (1949). The Book of the Discipline (Viniya-Pitaka): Vol.1. London: Pali Text Society by Luzac & Co.
Jackson, R., & Sorensen, G. (2013). Introduction to International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1999). Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
King, M. (2004). Cooptation or Cooperation: The Role of Transnational Advocacy Organizations in The Zapatista Movement. Sociological Focus, Vol. 37, No. 3, Special Issue: Social Movements In The New Century, 269-286.
Matzner, A. (2002, November 11). Research and discussion paper: On the Question of Origins: Kathoey and Thai Culture. Diambil kembali dari Transgender Asia: http://www.transgenderasia.org/paper_on_the_question_of_origins.htm
McCargo, D. (2012). Mapping national anxieties: Thailand's Southern conflict. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
MSDHS, & UNDP. (2018). Legal Gender Recognition in Thailand: A Legal and Policy Review. Bangkok: United Nations Development Program.
Ocha, W. (2013). Rethinking Gender: Negotiating Future Queer Rights in Thailand. Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 17, No.1, 79-104.
Ojanen, T. T. (2009). Sexual/gender minorities in Thailand: Identities, challenges, and voluntary-sector counseling. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, Vol. 6, No. 2, 4-34.
Peter, H. (2000). An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Pullen, C., & Cooper, M. (2010). LGBT Identity and Online New Media. New York: Routledge.
PurpleSky. (2010, September-Desember). First Purple Sky Network Governing Board elects Chair and sets priority to challenge stigma and discrimination among MSM and transgender people in Greater Mekong Sub region. Diambil kembali dari Amfar: https://www.amfar.org/uploadedFiles/Around_the_World/TreatAsia/Publications/PSN-Vol6.pdf?n=388
Robinson, P., Heitmann, S., & Dieke, D. P. (2011). Research Themes for Tourism. United Kingdom: CABI International.
RSAT. (2018, September 12). Blue Sky Coloring Book of Thailand. Diambil kembali dari Rainbow Sky Association of Thailand (RSAT): https://www.rsat.info/ประวัติฟ้าสีรุ้ง
Sabpaitoon, P. (2018, Maret 27). LGBTI Discrimination 'still prevalent'. Diambil kembali dari bangkokpost: https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1435614/lgbti-discrimination-still-prevalent
Sanders, D. (2011). The Rainbow Lobby: The Sexual Diversity Network and the Military-Installed Government in Thailand . Dalam P. A. Jackson, Queer Bangkok: Twenty First Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Hongkong: Hongkong University Press.
Sato, Y., & Hirata, K. (2010). Norms, Interests, and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Silva, J. P. (2007). Strategies of Transnational Advocacy Networks for Brazilian Foreign Policy: an introduction. Encuentro Latinoamericano, Vol. 4 No. 1, 63-81.
Stonewall. (2018, June 09). The Sustainable Development Goals and LGBT Inclusion . Diambil kembali dari Stonewall International: https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/sdg-guide_2.pdf
Suriyasarn, B. (2016). Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Thailand. Swiss: International Labour Organization.
UNAIDS. (2015). Thailand Endings AIDS. Thailand: National AIDS Committee.
UNDP, & USAID. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Thailand Country Report. Bangkok.
USAID. (2018, January). USAID Community Partnership. Diambil kembali dari USAID: https://www.usaid.gov/asia-regional/fact-sheets/usaid-community-partnership
Walks, M. (2014). "We're Here and We're Queer?": An Introduction to Studies in Queer Anthropology. Anthropologica, Vol. 56, No. 1, 13-16.
WHO. (2012, Januari 12). HIV and AIDS. Diambil kembali dari World Health Organization Thailand: http://www.searo.who.int/thailand/areas/hivaids/en/
Worldbank. (2017). Thailand Economic Monitor: Digital Transformation August 2017. Bangkok: World Bank Group.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
License
This journal is based on the work at journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jhi under license from Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. You are free to:
- Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms, which include the following:
- Attribution. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- Non-Commercial. You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Copyright
The author should be aware that by submitting an article to this journal, the article's copyright will be fully transferred to Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. Authors are allowed to resend their manuscript to other journals or intentionally withdraw the manuscript only if both parties (Jurnal Hubungan Internasional and Authors) have agreed on the issue. Once the manuscript has been published, authors are allowed to use their published article under Jurnal Hubungan Internasional copyrights.
All authors are required to deliver the agreement of license transfer once they submit the manuscript to Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. By signing the agreement, the copyright is attributed to this journal to protect the intellectual material for the authors. Authors are allowed to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium and in any circumstances to give appropriate credit and wide readership to the work.
