Upaya Transnational Advocacy Networks dalam Mendorong Legalisasi LGBT Rights di Thailand

Intan Kinanthi Damarin Tyas

Abstract


This paper discusses discrimination and criminalization of LGBT community due to the government change in Thailand, from absolute to constitutional monarchy. This shift caused changes in the social construction of Thai society, which led to the repression of values and norms in Buddhist beliefs whose culture of tolerance with LGBT people. This condition led the movement of Transnational Advocacy Network to promote equality and justice for LGBT through the legality of LGBT Rights. Therefore, this paper wants to identify and analyze how Transnational Advocacy Network on LGBT issues in Thailand can encourage the legality of LGBT and why this issue can be accepted within Thai society. This case analyzed by using boomerang pattern approach on Transnational Advocacy Network in Thailand. Through this network, the non-government actor in Thailand has made various efforts to encourage LGBT people to achieve equality and urged the Thai government to implement LGBT Rights legality policy through the issuance of gender equality act BE 2558 in 2015. The domestic cultural values concept used in this paper also showed that Thai people started to accept the existence of LGBT community because the values and norms of Buddhist beliefs are in fact, goes hand in hand with the LGBT Rights policy in Thailand. This could mean that values and norms of Buddhist teachings about LGBT which used to be repressed can reappear in the community.


Keywords


LGBT rights; Thailand; transnational advocacy network; gender equality act

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adulyadej, H. K. (2015). Gender Equality Act. Thailand: Government of Thailand.

Anjaree. (2014, May 17). How Anjaree Comes About (History of Anjaree). Diambil kembali dari Anjaree Thailand: https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120810/http://anjaree.org/11001.html

Baker, C., & Pongpaichit, P. (2009). The Career of Khun Chang Khun Phaen. Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 97, 1-42.

Barrow, A., & Chia, J. L. (2016). Gender, Violence, and The State in Asia. New York: Routledge.

Beyrer, C. (1998). War in the Blood: Sex, Politics, and AIDS in Southest Asia. London: Zed Books.

Blitt, R. C. (2004). Who Will Watch the Watchdogs? Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations and the Case for Regulation. Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, Vol.10, 261-398.

Carpenter, R. C. (2011). Governing the Global Agenda: “Gatekeepers” and “Issue Adoption” in Transnational Advocacy Networks. Washington D.C: Cambridge University press.

CEDAW. (2017). THAILAND: Discrimination and Violence Againts Women and LBTI Persons. Thailand: Togetherness For Equality (TEA).

CIA. (2018, Desember 18). The World Factbook: Thailand. Diambil kembali dari Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html

Cortell, A. P., & Davis, J. W. (2002). Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda . International Studies Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 65-87.

Dondoli, G. (2019). Transnational Advocacy Network and Human Rights Law: Emergence and Framing of Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. New York: Routledge.

FOR-SOGI. (2018, September 14). Background of the Foundation for Gender Rights and Gender Equality. Diambil kembali dari FOR-SOGI: http://forsogi.org

Halim, A. (2015). Diskriminasi yang Melatarbelakangi ILGA dalam Upaya Pengakuan Hak-hak LGBT dari PBB. Andalas Journal of International Studies, Vol.4, No.2, 201-219.

Handley, P. M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. New Heaven & London: Yale University Press.

Harrison, R. V., & Jackson, P. A. (2010). The Ambiguous Allure of the West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand. Dalam D. Chakrabarty. Hongkong: Hongkong University Press.

Holzhacker, R. (2014). Gay Rights are Human Rights. Groningen: University of Groningen.

Horner, I. B. (1949). The Book of the Discipline (Viniya-Pitaka): Vol.1. London: Pali Text Society by Luzac & Co.

Jackson, R., & Sorensen, G. (2013). Introduction to International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.

Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1999). Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

King, M. (2004). Cooptation or Cooperation: The Role of Transnational Advocacy Organizations in The Zapatista Movement. Sociological Focus, Vol. 37, No. 3, Special Issue: Social Movements In The New Century, 269-286.

Matzner, A. (2002, November 11). Research and discussion paper: On the Question of Origins: Kathoey and Thai Culture. Diambil kembali dari Transgender Asia: http://www.transgenderasia.org/paper_on_the_question_of_origins.htm

McCargo, D. (2012). Mapping national anxieties: Thailand's Southern conflict. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.

MSDHS, & UNDP. (2018). Legal Gender Recognition in Thailand: A Legal and Policy Review. Bangkok: United Nations Development Program.

Ocha, W. (2013). Rethinking Gender: Negotiating Future Queer Rights in Thailand. Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 17, No.1, 79-104.

Ojanen, T. T. (2009). Sexual/gender minorities in Thailand: Identities, challenges, and voluntary-sector counseling. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, Vol. 6, No. 2, 4-34.

Peter, H. (2000). An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Pullen, C., & Cooper, M. (2010). LGBT Identity and Online New Media. New York: Routledge.

PurpleSky. (2010, September-Desember). First Purple Sky Network Governing Board elects Chair and sets priority to challenge stigma and discrimination among MSM and transgender people in Greater Mekong Sub region. Diambil kembali dari Amfar: https://www.amfar.org/uploadedFiles/Around_the_World/TreatAsia/Publications/PSN-Vol6.pdf?n=388

Robinson, P., Heitmann, S., & Dieke, D. P. (2011). Research Themes for Tourism. United Kingdom: CABI International.

RSAT. (2018, September 12). Blue Sky Coloring Book of Thailand. Diambil kembali dari Rainbow Sky Association of Thailand (RSAT): https://www.rsat.info/ประวัติฟ้าสีรุ้ง

Sabpaitoon, P. (2018, Maret 27). LGBTI Discrimination 'still prevalent'. Diambil kembali dari bangkokpost: https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1435614/lgbti-discrimination-still-prevalent

Sanders, D. (2011). The Rainbow Lobby: The Sexual Diversity Network and the Military-Installed Government in Thailand . Dalam P. A. Jackson, Queer Bangkok: Twenty First Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Hongkong: Hongkong University Press.

Sato, Y., & Hirata, K. (2010). Norms, Interests, and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Silva, J. P. (2007). Strategies of Transnational Advocacy Networks for Brazilian Foreign Policy: an introduction. Encuentro Latinoamericano, Vol. 4 No. 1, 63-81.

Stonewall. (2018, June 09). The Sustainable Development Goals and LGBT Inclusion . Diambil kembali dari Stonewall International: https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/sdg-guide_2.pdf

Suriyasarn, B. (2016). Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Thailand. Swiss: International Labour Organization.

UNAIDS. (2015). Thailand Endings AIDS. Thailand: National AIDS Committee.

UNDP, & USAID. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Thailand Country Report. Bangkok.

USAID. (2018, January). USAID Community Partnership. Diambil kembali dari USAID: https://www.usaid.gov/asia-regional/fact-sheets/usaid-community-partnership

Walks, M. (2014). "We're Here and We're Queer?": An Introduction to Studies in Queer Anthropology. Anthropologica, Vol. 56, No. 1, 13-16.

WHO. (2012, Januari 12). HIV and AIDS. Diambil kembali dari World Health Organization Thailand: http://www.searo.who.int/thailand/areas/hivaids/en/

Worldbank. (2017). Thailand Economic Monitor: Digital Transformation August 2017. Bangkok: World Bank Group.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.81145

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional

 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Indexed by:

      

Editorial Office of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 

Ki Bagus Hadikusumo Building, E4, 1st floor, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Jl. Brawijaya, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia
jurnalhi@umy.ac.id ariekusumapaksi@umy.ac.id

 

Jurnal Hubungan Internasional in collaboration with:

   

Creative Commons License   

Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

View My Stats