Unveiling Ethical Implications: AI Robot Accountability in Islamic Context

Muhammad Khaeruddin Hamsin; Rizaldy Anggriawan; Farisma Jiatrahman

doi:10.18196/jmh.v30i2.18524

Unveiling Ethical Implications: AI Robot Accountability in Islamic Context

Muhammad Khaeruddin Hamsin, Rizaldy Anggriawan, Farisma Jiatrahman

Abstract

The world is currently experiencing what is known as industry 4.0, a fusion of business and IT where robots and other forms of artificial intelligence are massively utilized. The fact that robots are now a regular part of people's lives raises novel liability issues. The research aims to address the questions whether artificial intelligence robots can be accepted as ethical and legal subjects in Islamic perspective. It also considers whether it is necessary to grant legal personality to robots and hold them liable for their decisions and conducts. The research is doctrinal legal research where the analysis was presented within the context of Islamic viewpoints in a descriptive-structured way. The result demonstrates that robots with artificial intelligence fall under the definition of jamadat. No matter how sophisticated, an artificial intelligence cannot have a biological vitality. Therefore, only humans have the potential to possess rights and be held liable for their actions. Robotic artificial intelligence systems lack the capacity to be regarded as responsible entities in this sense, to inflict legal sanctions on activities that are the result of algorithms, and to be held accountable for both civil and criminal offenses.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence; Islamic Ethics; Islamic Law; Liability; Robots

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ahmed, Izzidien, ‘Shariʿah, Natural Law and the Original State’, in Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law, ed. by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Ahmad Atif Ahmad, and Said Fares Hassan (New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019), p. 26 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315753881

Al-Janabi, Maythem, and Nur Kirabaev, ‘Areas of the Competence of Reason in the Teachings of Al-Ghazali’, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2017) (Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017) https://doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-17.2017.10

Anggriawan, Rizaldy, Andi Agus Salim, Yordan Gunawan, and Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang, ‘Passenger Name Record Data Protection under European Union and United States Agreement: Security over Privacy?’, Hasanuddin Law Review, 8.2 (2022), 95 https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i2.2844

Anggriawan, Rizaldy, Muh Endriyo Susila, Ming Hsi Sung, and Dwilani Irrynta, ‘The Rising Tide of Financial Crime: A Ponzi Scheme Case Analysis’, Lex Scientia Law Review, 7.1 (2023), 307–46 https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.60004

Anwar, Md. Aftab, AAhad M. Osman Gani, and Muhammad Sabbir Rahman, ‘Effects of Spiritual Intelligence from Islamic Perspective on Emotional Intelligence’, Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11.1 (2020), 216–32 https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123

Belk, Russell, ‘Ethical Issues in Service Robotics and Artificial Intelligence’, The Service Industries Journal, 41.13–14 (2021), 860–76 https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2020.1727892

Bertolini, Andrea, and Giuseppe Aiello, ‘Robot Companions: A Legal and Ethical Analysis’, The Information Society, 34.3 (2018), 130–40 https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2018.1444249

Brundage, Miles, ‘Taking Superintelligence Seriously’, Futures, 72 (2015), 32–35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.07.009

Bustami, Rio Laksamana, and Zuliana Roviqoh, ‘Waqf Fundraising through Money in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era: A Case Study on Baitulmaal Munzalan Indonesia’, Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 20.1 (2020), 23–39 https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v20i1.23-39

Campbell, Douglas R., ‘Self‐Motion and Cognition: Plato’s Theory of the Soul’, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 59.4 (2021), 523–44 https://doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12429

Chesterman, Simon, ‘Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 69.4 (2020), 819–44 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589320000366

Czepil, Marija, and Oresta Karpenko, ‘Mykola Shlemkevych (1894–1966): Anthropological Principles of Human Research’, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54.10 (2022), 1642–54 https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1933944

Dignum, Virginia, ‘Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: Introduction to the Special Issue’, Ethics and Information Technology, 20.1 (2018), 1–3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9450-z

Djamaludin, Djamaludin, Muhammad Fahruddin Aziz, Yanuriansyah Ar-Rasyid, and Iskandar Ali As-Sayyis, ‘Assessing the Impact of Electronic Court Systems on the Efficiency of Judicial Processes in the Era of Digital Transformation’, Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 6.1 (2023), 1–18 https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v6i1.8082

Dwivedi, Yogesh K., Laurie Hughes, Elvira Ismagilova, Gert Aarts, Crispin Coombs, Tom Crick, and others, ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Emerging Challenges, Opportunities, and Agenda for Research, Practice and Policy’, International Journal of Information Management, 57 (2021), 101994 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002

Ebrahimi, Mansoureh, and Kamaruzaman Yusoff, ‘Islamic Identity, Ethical Principles and Human Values’, European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6.1 (2017), 325 https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i1.p325-336

Etzioni, Amitai, and Oren Etzioni, ‘Incorporating Ethics into Artificial Intelligence’, The Journal of Ethics, 21.4 (2017), 403–18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-017-9252-2

Fadhilika, Zulfa ’Azzah, and Amarru Muftie Holish, ‘Re-Existence of the Culture of Shame in Online Buying and Selling Fraudulent Practices to Improve Consumer Protection in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0’, Lex Scientia Law Review, 3.2 (2019), 155–62 https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v3i2.35397

Ghobakhloo, Morteza, ‘Industry 4.0, Digitization, and Opportunities for Sustainability’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 252 (2020), 119869 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869

Gianluca, Parolin, ‘Equality before the Law’, in The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law, ed. by Rudolph Peters (Routledge, 2016), p. 13 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613093

Gordon, John-Stewart, ‘Artificial Moral and Legal Personhood’, AI & SOCIETY, 36.2 (2021), 457–71 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01063-2

Griffel, Frank, ‘Place of Virtue Ethics within the Post-Classical Discourse on Ḥikma’, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 21 (2022), 055–080 https://doi.org/10.5617/jais.9369

Gunawan, Yordan, Muhamad Haris Aulawi, Rizaldy Anggriawan, and Tri Anggoro Putro, ‘Command Responsibility of Autonomous Weapons under International Humanitarian Law’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8.1 (2022), 2139906 https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2139906

Gunawan, Yordan, and Hanna Nur Afifah Yogar, ‘Indonesia E-Hailing Taxi: The Competition Between Law and Technology’, in Advances in Electronic Commerce, ed. by Mohammad Nabil Almunawar, Muhammad Anshari Ali, and Syamimi Ariff Lim (IGI Global, 2020), pp. 594–606 https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4984-1.ch028

Guyanie, Gugun El, and Aji Baskoro, ‘The Constitutional Rights Of Indigenous Beliefs Adherents In Minority Fiqh Perspective’, Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 21.2 (2021), 155–75 https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i2.155-175

Hakim, Hary Abdul, Chrisna Bagus Edhita Praja, and Ming-Hsi Sung, ‘AI in Law: Urgency of the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence on Law Enforcement in Indonesia’, Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 14.1 (2023), 122–34 https://doi.org//10.26555/novelty.v14i1.a25943

Halim, Naeema, ‘The Views of Al-Fārābī and Al-Ghazālī on Achieving Happiness through the Rational Faculty of the Human Soul’, Islamic Studies, 61.3 (2022), 293–304 https://doi.org/10.52541/isiri.v61i3.2086

Henschel, Anna, Ruud Hortensius, and Emily S. Cross, ‘Social Cognition in the Age of Human–Robot Interaction’, Trends in Neurosciences, 43.6 (2020), 373–84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.013

Hidayah, Nur Putri, and Isdian Anggraeny, ‘Fulfillment of Workers’ Rights In Remote Working: The Perspective of Labor Development Principle In Indonesia’, Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 31.1 (2023), 124–137 https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i1.25338

Hidayah, Sri Noor Mustaqimatul, ‘Ibnu Miskawaih’s Islamic Economic Thinking (Reviewing The Concept of Exchange and The Role of Money According to Ibnu Miskawaih)’, AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 7.1 (2022), 157 https://doi.org/10.29240/ajis.v7i1.4170

Hildt, Elisabeth, ‘Artificial Intelligence: Does Consciousness Matter?’, Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (2019) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01535

Hussain, Bilal, Hafiz Ghulam Abbas, and Khalid Hussain, ‘Legal Competency for Marriage: In an Islamic and Pakistan Law Perspective’, Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities, 6.1 (2022), 12–24 https://doi.org/10.53575/e2.v6.01.(22)12-24

Hutauruk, Rufinus Hotmaulana, David Tan, Ampuan Situmeang, and Hari Sutra Disemadi, ‘Developing an Indonesian Regulatory Framework in the Face of SEZs 5.0’, Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8.2 (2023), 453–500 https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i2.67623

Johnson, Deborah G., and Mario Verdicchio, ‘Why Robots Should Not Be Treated like Animals’, Ethics and Information Technology, 20.4 (2018), 291–301 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9481-5

Koos, Stefan, ‘The Displacement of the Law by Technicity’, Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 13.1 (2022), 1–12 https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v13i1.a23822

Kurniawan, I Gede Agus, ‘Digitalization of Business Law: Urgency and Orientation of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0’, Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 5.2 (2022), 253–265 https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v5i2.6847

Kuusi, Osmo, and Sirkka Heinonen, ‘Scenarios From Artificial Narrow Intelligence to Artificial General Intelligence—Reviewing the Results of the International Work/Technology 2050 Study’, World Futures Review, 14.1 (2022), 65–79 https://doi.org/10.1177/19467567221101637

Latifiani, Dian, ‘Human Attitude and Technology: Analyzing a Legal Culture on Electronic Court System in Indonesia (Case of Religious Court)’, Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 6.1 (2021), 157–84 https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v6i1.44450

Lemaignan, Séverin, Mathieu Warnier, E. Akin Sisbot, Aurélie Clodic, and Rachid Alami, ‘Artificial Cognition for Social Human–Robot Interaction: An Implementation’, Artificial Intelligence, 247 (2017), 45–69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2016.07.002

Liu, Hin-Yan, and Karolina Zawieska, ‘From Responsible Robotics towards a Human Rights Regime Oriented to the Challenges of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence’, Ethics and Information Technology, 22.4 (2020), 321–33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-017-9443-3

Magrani, Eduardo, ‘New Perspectives on Ethics and the Laws of Artificial Intelligence’, Internet Policy Review, 8.3 (2019) https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.3.1420

Marwan, Awaludin, Diana Odier-Contreras Garduño, and Fiammetta Bonfigli, ‘Detection of Digital Law Issues and Implication for Good Governance Policy in Indonesia’, BESTUUR, 10.1 (2022), 22–32 https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i1.59143

Matthews, Gerald, Peter A. Hancock, Jinchao Lin, April Rose Panganiban, Lauren E. Reinerman-Jones, James L. Szalma, and others, ‘Evolution and Revolution: Personality Research for the Coming World of Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Autonomous Systems’, Personality and Individual Differences, 169 (2021), 109969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109969

McLean, Scott, Gemma J. M. Read, Jason Thompson, Chris Baber, Neville A. Stanton, and Paul M. Salmon, ‘The Risks Associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A Systematic Review’, Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2021, 1–15 https://doi.org/10.1080/0952813X.2021.1964003

Mikaeel, Jamalpour, ‘Abstraction of the Soul and the Presence Abstracts in Dream From; the Psychological and Philosophical Perspective with an Emphasis on the Views of Carl Gustav Young’, Journal of Philosophical Investigations, 16.41 (2023), 490–501 https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2023.55076.3464

Muslih, Muhammad, and Supeno Supeno, ‘Financial Technology: Digital Legal Challenges and Indonesia’s Economic Prospects After Covid-19 Outbreak’, Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30.2 (2022), 255–266 https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i2.22784

Nabil Ahmed Hussein, Jadaya, and Salem Rababaa Yasser Ahmed, ‘Human Values Derived From the Meanings of the Beautiful Names of God’, Multicultural Education, 7.6 (2021), 84–94 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4902242

Nath, Rajakishore, and Vineet Sahu, ‘The Problem of Machine Ethics in Artificial Intelligence’, AI & SOCIETY, 35.1 (2020), 103–11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0768-6

Öztürk, Emine, ‘The Comparision of Classical Ethical Theories in Ancient Greece Philosophy and Islamic Philosophy: The Example of Aristotle and Ibn Miskavayh, Tusi and Kinalizade’, European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6.1 (2021), 41 https://doi.org/10.26417/175dpd44w

Pagallo, Ugo, ‘Vital, Sophia, and Co.—The Quest for the Legal Personhood of Robots’, Information, 9.9 (2018), 230 https://doi.org/10.3390/info9090230

Rahman, Sira, ‘Religion and Animal Welfare—An Islamic Perspective’, Animals, 7.12 (2017), 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7020011

Rothman, Abdallah, and Adrian Coyle, ‘Toward a Framework for Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: An Islamic Model of the Soul’, Journal of Religion and Health, 57.5 (2018), 1731–44 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0651-x

Saeed, Zarrabi-Zadeh, ‘Sufism and Christian Mysticism’, in Routledge Handbook on Sufism, ed. by Lloyd Ridgeon (New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020), p. 13 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315175348

Saghiri, Ali Mohammad, S. Mehdi Vahidipour, Mohammad Reza Jabbarpour, Mehdi Sookhak, and Agostino Forestiero, ‘A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Challenges: Analyzing the Definitions, Relationships, and Evolutions’, Applied Sciences, 12.8 (2022), 4054 https://doi.org/10.3390/app12084054

Sahin, Abdullah, ‘Critical Issues in Islamic Education Studies: Rethinking Islamic and Western Liberal Secular Values of Education’, Religions, 9.11 (2018), 335 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9110335

Saiful, T., Yaswirman, Yuslim, and Azmi Fendri, ‘Gender Equality Perspective and Women Position in Islam’, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society (ICOLGIS 2019) (Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020) https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.212

Salim, Andi Agus, Rizaldy Anggriawan, and Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang, ‘Dilemma of Dual Citizenship Issues in Indonesia: A Legal and Political Perspective’, Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7.1 (2022), 101–54 https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.53503

Saputra, Rian, Tiara Tiolince, Iswantoro, and Sanju Kumar Sigh, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Protection in Indonesia and Japan’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3.2 (2023), 210–35 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i2.69

Saputra, Rian, M Zaid, and Silaas Oghenemaro Emovwodo, ‘The Court Online Content Moderation: A Constitutional Framework’, Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3.2 (2023), 210–35 https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v2i3.54

Satriawan, Iwan, Tareq Muhammad Aziz Elven, and Tanto Lailam, ‘Internet Shutdown in Indonesia: An Appropriate Response or A Threat to Human Rights?’, Sriwijaya Law Review, 7.1 (2023), 19 https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol7.Iss1.1018.pp19-46

Schirmer, Jan-Erik, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Legal Personality: Introducing “Teilrechtsfähigkeit”: A Partial Legal Status Made in Germany’, in Regulating Artificial Intelligence (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020), pp. 123–42 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32361-5_6

Simmler, Monika, and Nora Markwalder, ‘Guilty Robots? – Rethinking the Nature of Culpability and Legal Personhood in an Age of Artificial Intelligence’, Criminal Law Forum, 30.1 (2019), 1–31 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-018-9360-0

Simone, Guidi, ‘Separated Soul and Its Nature: Francisco Suárez in the Scholastic Debate’, in Francisco Suárez (1548–1617) (BRILL, 2019), pp. 351–77 https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004395657_017

Suhandi, Farid Ibrahim, ‘Business Entity Pre-Merger Notification Policy as Law Enforcement in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0’, Lex Scientia Law Review, 3.2 (2019), 129–42 https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v3i2.35395

Thoha, Mohammad, Abdul Haq Syawqi, Mohammad Zaini Yahaya, Dimas Danar Septiadi, and M Haris Hidayatulloh, ‘Can Indonesia’s Decentralized Education Technology Governance Policy: Evidence from Muslim Countries’, BESTUUR, 11.2 (2023), 217–34 https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v11i2.78320

Tzeferakos, Georgios A., and Athanasios I. Douzenis, ‘Islam, Mental Health and Law: A General Overview’, Annals of General Psychiatry, 16.1 (2017), 28 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-017-0150-6

Vasalou, Sophia, ‘Greatness of Spirit: A New Virtue for Our Taxonomies?’, Dialogue, 56.2 (2017), 291–316 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217317000324

Widigdo, Mohammad Syifa Amin, ‘Human Agency in Islamic Moral Reasoning’, Kanz Philosophia: A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism, 4.1 (2014), 94–103 https://journal.sadra.ac.id/ojs/index.php/kanz/article/view/71

William, Charlton, ‘Aristotle’s Definition of Soul’, in Aristotle’s De Anima in Focus, ed. by Michael Durrant (Routledge, 2015), p. 20 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315673776

Yuspin, Wardah, Kelik Wardiono, Arief Budiono, and Said Gulyamov, ‘The Law Alteration on Artificial Intelligence in Reducing Islamic Bank’s Profit And Loss Sharing Risk’, Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30.2 (2022), 267–282 https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i2.23051

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.v30i2.18524