E-Government Development on Control Corruption: A Lesson Learned from Singapore

Mohamad Sukarno, Mike Joy Rodriguez, Nursamsiyah Nursamsiyah

Abstract


This study explores the success of e-government in controlling corruption in Singapore and its potential applicability in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach and literature review, it assesses anti-corruption efforts based on the E-Government Development Index (EGDI), focusing on the Online Service Index (OSI), Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII), and Human Capital Index (HCI). The findings reveal that Singapore, through its Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), has effectively used digital platforms like e-complaints, e-booking systems, and AI-driven solutions to strengthen anti-corruption efforts. In contrast, Indonesia faces challenges due to a lower EGDI, particularly in underdeveloped TII, and a need for stronger AI support and legal reforms. The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) also requires improvements in human resources, with a shift towards meritocracy to reduce conflicts of interest. Unlike Singapore’s independent anti-corruption framework, Indonesia's KPK is constrained by administrative processes and supervisory involvement, limiting its capacity to combat corruption effectively. The current research builds upon existing studies by integrating the EGDI indicators with a focus on e-government’s role in corruption control, a dimension that has been underexplored, especially in comparative analyses between Singapore and Indonesia. The use of digital platforms in anti-corruption efforts and AI integration, as seen in Singapore, represents an advanced approach in this field. The novelty of this research lies in its detailed examination of the technological and institutional gaps between Singapore and Indonesia in implementing e-government for corruption control.


Keywords


Control corruption; CPIB; EGDI; Singapore

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abbas, K. (2021). Corruption Crime Eradication by Corruption Eradication Commission Through Red-handed Catch Operation on Bribery Action. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(2), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.319-329

Abdou, A. M. (2021). Good governance and COVID-19: The digital bureaucracy to response the pandemic (Singapore as a model). Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2656

Abdul Manaf, H., Salam Man, M. N., Mutiarin, D., & Al-Hamdi, R. (2022). An analysis on critical determination factors of E-Participation for digital society: The case of Malaysian local government. International Conference on Public Organization (ICONPO 2021), 209(Iconpo 2021), 350–364. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iconpo-21/125970941

Ad’ha Aljunied, S. M. (2020). The securitization of cyberspace governance in Singapore. Asian Security, 16(3), 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2019.1687444

Adam, I., & Fazekas, M. (2021). Are emerging technologies helping win the fight against corruption? A review of the state of evidence. Information Economics and Policy, 57, 100950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2021.100950

Adam, I. O. (2020). Examining E-Government development effects on corruption in Africa: The mediating effects of ICT development and institutional quality. Technology in Society, 61(February), 101245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101245

Adjei-Bamfo, P., Maloreh-Nyamekye, T., & Ahenkan, A. (2019). The role of e-government in sustainable public procurement in developing countries: A systematic literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 142(May 2018), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.001

Afriana, W., Susetiyana, H., Putri, O., & Azis, H. (2020). E-Government Effectiveness In Combating Corruption and Improving Public Service. Cosmogov, 06(01), 28–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/cosmogov.v6i1.23944

Alfada, A. (2019). The destructive effect of corruption on economic growth in Indonesia: A threshold model. Heliyon, 5(10), e02649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02649

Alhassan, M. D., & Adam, I. O. (2021). The linkages between ICT access, e-government, and government effectiveness and its effect on corruption. International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 21(4), 344. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtpm.2021.10043458

Andersen, D., & Cornell, A. (2022). Voting for bureaucracy? Contestation, suffrage, and meritocracy. European Journal of Political Research, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12553

Androniceanu, A. (2019). The social sustainability of smart cities: Urban technological innovation, big data management, and the cognitive internet of things. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 11(1), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.22381/GHIR11120197

Androniceanu, A., Georgescu, I., & Kinnunen, J. (2022). Public Administration Digitalization And Corruption In The Eu Member States. A Comparative And Correlative Research Analysis. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 2022(65 E-February), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.65E.1

Annur, C. M. (2023a). Adopsi Internet Singapura Tertinggi di Asia Tenggara, Bagaimana Indonesia? Katadata.Com. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/02/07/adopsi-internet-singapura-tertinggi-di-asia-tenggara-bagaimana-indonesia

Annur, C. M. (2023b). Indeks Persepsi Korupsi Indonesia Memburuk pada 2022. Katadata.Com.

Ariani, S. A. F., & Prasetyoningsih, N. (2022). Fighting Corruption Post Revision of the Act of the Corruption Eradication Commission. Media of Law and Sharia, 3(3), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.18196/mls.v3i3.13232

Arismaya, A. D. (2021). Whistleblowing KPK Indonesia dan CPIB Singapura. Jurnal Aktiva, 6(2), 53–63. http://ejournal.unira.ac.id/index.php/jurnal_aktiva/article/view/1190

Asyikin, N., & Setiawan, A. (2020). Kedudukan KPK dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Pasca Diterbitkannya Revisi Undang-Undang KPK. Justitia Jurnal Hukum, Volume 4(1), 126–147.

Baraniewicz-Kotasińska, S. (2022). The Scandinavian Third Way as a Proposal for Sustainable Smart City Development—A Case Study of Aarhus City. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063495

Bagaskara, M. (2023). Indeks Persepsi Korupsi Indonesia pada 2022 Melorot 4 TII: Drastis Sejak Reformasi. Tempo.com.

Burke, M., Kawai, W., & Gargaro, D. (2017). Anti-corruption enforcement in the ASEAN region. Global Investigations Review. https://globalinvestigationsreview.com/review/the-asia-pacific-investigations-review/2018/article/anti-corruption-enforcement-in-the-asean-region

Castro, C., & Lopes, I. C. (2022). E-Government as a Tool in Controlling Corruption. International Journal of Public Administration, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2022.2076695

Chairiah, A., S, A., Nugroho, A., & Suhariyanto, A. (2020). Implementasi Sistem Merit pada Aparatur Sipil Negara di Indonesia. Jurnal Borneo Administrator, 16(3), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.24258/jba.v16i3.704

Chen, L., & Aklikokou, A. K. (2021). Relating e-government development to government effectiveness and control of corruption: a cluster analysis. Journal of Chinese Governance, 6(1), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2019.1698693

Chua, E. H. C. (2023). The Currency of Truth: NEWSMAKING AND THE LATE-SOCIALIST IMAGINARIES OF CHINA’S DIGITAL ERA. In The Currency of Truth: Newsmaking And The Late-Socialist Imaginaries of China’s Digital Era. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12573170

Cooper, C. A. (2022). Encouraging bureaucrats to report corruption: human resource management and whistleblowing. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 44(2), 106–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2021.1894955

Dahalin, Z. M., Idrus, M. R., Kasiran, M. K., Nadzir, M. M., Dahari, R., Razak, R. A., & Wahab, N. N. A. (2019). Online services index performance: Countries’ analysis in OSI ranking to improve Malaysia UN ranking. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(8), 116–172.

Doran, N. M., Puiu, S., Bădîrcea, R. M., Pirtea, M. G., Doran, M. D., Ciobanu, G., & Mihit, L. D. (2023). E-Government Development—A Key Factor in Government Administration Effectiveness in the European Union. Electronics (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030641

Espina-Romero, L., & Guerrero-Alcedo, J. (2022). Fields Touched by Digitalization: Analysis of Scientific Activity in Scopus. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 14, Issue 21, pp. 1–16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114425

Fan, Q., Kuper, P., Choi, Y. H., & Choi, S. jin. (2021). Does ICT development curb firms’ perceived corruption pressure? The contingent impact of institutional qualities and competitive conditions. Journal of Business Research, 135(September 2020), 496–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.062

Galushi, L. T., & Malatji, T. L. (2022). Digital Public Administration and Inclusive Governance at the South African Local Government, in Depth Analysis of E-Government and Service Delivery in Musina Local Municipality. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(6), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0154

Georgescu, I. (2022). E-Government in European Countries, a Comparative Approach Using the Principal Components Analysis. Journal of Public Administration and Policy, XIV(2), 65–86.

Gupta, R., Muttoo, S. K., & Pal, S. K. (2017). The need of a development assessment index for e-governance in India. In D. R., J. T., & B. R. (Eds.), 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, ICEGOV 2017: Vol. Part F1280 (pp. 414–422). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3047273.3047294

Hafifurrahman, A. K. (2023). Partisipasi Publik Dalam Revisi Undang-Undang Tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK). Moderat: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan, 9(1), 126–137.

Hasan, M. K., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Kabir, S. R., Gadekallu, T. R., Islam, S., Magalingam, P., Hassan, R., Alazab, M., & Alazab, M. A. (2022). Evolution of Industry and Blockchain Era: Monitoring Price Hike and Corruption Using BIoT for Smart Government and Industry 4.0. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(12), 9153–9161. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3164066

Hunter, B. M., & Shaffer, J. D. (2022). Human capital, risk and the World Bank’s reintermediation in global development. Third World Quarterly, 43(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1953980

Ingrams, A., & Schachter, H. L. (2019). E-participation Opportunities and the Ambiguous Role of Corruption: A Model of Municipal Responsiveness to Sociopolitical Factors. Public Administration Review, 79(4), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13049

International, Transparency. (2023). Corruption Perception Index.

International, Transparency. (2019). Corruption Index Perception 2018: Score Timeseries Since 2012. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018

International, Transparency. (2023). Indeks Persepsi Korupi 2022.

Jiang, H., Geertman, S., & Witte, P. (2022). Smart urban governance: an alternative to technocratic “smartness.” GeoJournal, 87(3), 1639–1655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10326-w

Jumady, E., & Lilla, L. (2021). Antecedent and Consequence the Human Resources Management Factors on Civil Servant Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 1(2), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v1i2.101

Kabbar, E. F. (2020). Measuring E-Government Development: The Haves and the Have-nots. IBIMA Business Review, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5171/2020.678700

Kajendran, K. (2022). EXPLORING THE LESSON LEARNT BY IMPLEMENTING E-TENDERING : A REVIEW. Proceedings of the 10th World Construction Symposium, June, 479–491. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31705/WCS.2022.39

Khasna, S., & Diniyanto, A. (2021). State Authority in Appointing ASN: Comparison of Issues between KPK Employees and Honorary Teachers. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 2(2), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i2.46347

Kim, K., & An, J. (2022). Corruption as a Moderator in the Relationship between E-Government and Inward Foreign Direct Investment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094995

Kim, M. H. (2019). Human resource strategies in response to government cutbacks: A survey experiment. Public Management Review, 21(8), 1125–1147. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544659

Knox, C., & Janenova, S. (2019). The e-government paradox in post-Soviet countries. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 32(6), 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-08-2018-0173

Lee, K., Choi, S. O., Kim, J., & Jung, M. (2018). A study on the factors affecting decrease in the government corruption and mediating effects of the development of ICT and E-government-a cross-country analysis. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 4(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4030041

Lidwina, A. (2021). Skor Inclusive Internet di Asia Tenggara. Katadata.Com. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/08/04/akses-internet-singapura-paling-inklusif-di-asia-tenggara

Lim, V. (2018). An Overview of Singaporeʼs Anti-Corruption Strategy and the Role of the Cpib in Fighting Corruption. 20th UNAFEI UNCAC Training Programme Visiting Experts’ Papers, 92–98. https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No104/No104_18_VE_Lim_1.pdf

Lustrilanang, P., Suwarno, P., Darusalam, P., Rizki, L. T., Omar, N., & Said, J. (2023). The Role of Control of Corruption and Quality of Governance in ASEAN: Evidence from DOLS and FMOLS Test. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2154060

Mackey, T. K., & Cuomo, R. E. (2020). An interdisciplinary review of digital technologies to facilitate anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in medicines procurement. Global Health Action, 13(sup1). https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1695241

Mahardika Hariadi, T., & Luqman Wicaksono, H. (2019). Perbandingan Penanganan Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Negara Singapura dan Indonesia. Recidive, 2(3), 265–279. http://acch.kpk.go.id/statistik-penanganan-tindak-pidana-korupsi-berdasarkan-tahun

Martins, J., & Veiga, L. G. (2022). Digital government as a business facilitator. Information Economics and Policy, 60, 100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2022.100990

Merhi, M. I. (2022). The Effect of Digital Transformation on Corruption: A Global Analysis. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(2), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.17705/1pais.14204

Mouna, A., Nedra, B., & Khaireddine, M. (2020). International comparative evidence of e-government success and economic growth : technology adoption as an anti-corruption tool. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 14(5), 713–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-03-2020-0040

Muhammad, A., Idris, M. B., & Labaran, F. A. (2023). Adopting the MPH Model : Lessons from Singapore for Nigeria's Economic Development. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics, 37–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v2i1.464

Munawaroh, N. (2021). Perbandingan Sistem Pengawasan Lembaga Antikorupsi Di Asia Pasifik. Jurnal Lex Renaissance, 6(3), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.20885/jlr.vol6.iss3.art6

Myovella, G., Karacuka, M., & Haucap, J. (2019). Digitalization and economic growth : A comparative analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa and OECD economies. Telecommunications Policy, August, 101856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101856

Nations, U. (2022). E-Government Survey 2022 The Future of Digital Government. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Oktavianto, R., Mustika, N., & Abheseka, R. (2019). Evaluasi Operasi Tangkap Tangan KPK. Jurnal Antikorupsi INTEGRITAS, 5(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v5i2.473

Owusu, E. K., Chan, A. P. C., DeGraft, O. M., Ameyaw, E. E., & Robert, O. K. (2019). Contemporary Review of Anti-Corruption Measures in Construction Project Management. Project Management Journal, 50(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972818808983

Palma, M., Hernández, I., Álvarez-Dardet, C., Gil-González, D., Ruiz, M. T., & Medina, M. (2009). Economic factors related to the Millennium Development Goals: A literature review. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 26(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000800009

Plaksin, S., Abdrakhmanova, G., & Kovaleva, G. (2017). Approaches to defining and measuring Russia’s internet economy. Foresight and STI Governance, 11(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2017.1.55.65

Purnamasari, P., Amran, N. A., Nu, A. H., Frendika, R., Naimi, M., Nor, M., Ismail, M. S., & Kanjuruhan, U. (2022). Penta-Helix Model of E-Government in Combating Corruption in Indonesia and Malaysia : The Moderating Effect of Religiosity [ version 3 ; peer review : 2 approved ]. F1000 Research, 1–21.

Purwanto, A., & Emanuel, A. W. R. (2020). Data Analysis for Corruption Indications on Procurement of Goods and Services. 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Communications Technology, ICOIACT 2020, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOIACT50329.2020.9331959

Putra, I., & Fahmi, K. (2021). Karakteristik Ne Bis In Idem dan Unsurnya dalam Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 18(2), 345. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1824

Putri, A. A. H., & Trisnaningsih, S. (2023). AUDIT FORENSIK UNTUK PENCEGAHAN KORUPSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN WHISTLEBLOWING UNTUK DETEKSI SUAP. Jurnal Bina Akuntansi, 4(1), 88–100.

Quah, J. S. T. (2021). Breaking the cycle of failure in combating corruption in Asian countries. Public Administration and Policy, 24(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1108/pap-05-2021-0034

Quah, J. S. T. (2022). Lee Kuan Yew’s role in minimising corruption in Singapore. Public Administration and Policy, 25(2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-04-2022-0037

Rasji, & Sormin, J. P. (2020). The Problem of Supervisory Board in Existence in the Event of Corruption Cases in Accordance With the Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2019. Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research, 478(Ticash), 841–848. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.133

Ratmono, D., Cholbyah, A., Cahyonowati, N., & Darsono, D. (2021). The problem of corruption in government organizations: Empirical evidence from indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(4), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.03

Rodliyya, Z. R., & Vid Adrison. (2022). Correlation between the handling of corruption cases and public complaints to the KPK. Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi, 8(2 SE-Articles), 165–176. https://jurnal.kpk.go.id/index.php/integritas/article/view/933

Sabani, A., Farah, M. H., & Dewi, D. R. S. (2019). Indonesia in the spotlight: Combating corruption through ICT enabled governance. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.130

Sadik-zada, E. R., Gatto, A., Niftiyev, I., & Gatto, A. (2022). Technology Analysis & Strategic Management E-government and petty corruption in public sector service delivery delivery. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2067037

Santika, I. G. N. (2020). Menelisik Akar Kegaduhan Bangsa Indonesia Pasca Disetujuinya Hasil Revisi UU KPK Dalam Perspektif Pancasila. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial, 6(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v6i1.25001

Saptohutomo, A. P. (2023). Indeks Korupsi Indonesia 2022 Menurun, Sektor Politik Jadi Sorota. Kompas.Com.

Sari, T. K., Cahaya, F. R., & Joseph, C. (2021). Coercive Pressures and Anti-corruption Reporting: The Case of ASEAN Countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 171(3), 495–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04452-1

Schopf, J. C. (2019). Room for improvement: Why Korea’s leading ICT ODA program has failed to combat corruption. Telecommunications Policy, 43(6), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.01.001

Senadjki, A., Ogbeibu, S., Yip, C. Y., Au Yong, H. N., & Senadjki, M. (2021). The impact of corruption and university education on African innovation: evidence from emerging African economies. SN Business & Economics, 1(5), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00063-8

Seo, H., & Myeong, S. (2020). The priority of factors of building government as a platform with analytic hierarchy process analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145615

Shabbir, M. S., Saleem, H., & Khan, M. B. (2021). Impact of Internet Adoption and Mobile Phone Penetration on Corruption: Evidence from Selected Asia-Pacific Countries. Global Business Review, 22(4), 906–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919832107

Singapore, C. (2023). Lodging A Corruption Complaint. https://www.cpib.gov.sg/e-services/e-complaint-for-corrupt-conduct

Singh, D. (2021). Anti-corruption, Cultural Norms, and Implications for the APUNCAC. Laws, 10(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws10020023

Stofkova, J., Poliakova, A., Stofkova, K. R., Malega, P., Krejnus, M., Binasova, V., & Daneshjo, N. (2022). Digital Skills as a Significant Factor of Human Resources Development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013117

Sunam, R., Pariyar, B., & Shrestha, K. K. (2022). Does affirmative action undermine meritocracy? “Meritocratic inclusion” of the marginalized in Nepal’s bureaucracy. Development Policy Review, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12554

Suzuki, K., & Hur, H. (2022). Revisiting the old debate: citizens’ perceptions of meritocracy in public and private organizations. Public Management Review, 24(8), 1226–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1895545

Syahuri, T., Saleh, G., & Abrilianti, M. (2022). The role of the corruption eradication commission supervisory board within the indonesian constitutional structure. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2035913

Yulianita, N., Nurrahmawati, N., & Maryani, A. (2020). Analysis of the Anti-Corruption Campaign for Engagement and Action on Social Media. MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 36(1), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v36i1.5352

Zhao, H., Ahn, M. J., & Manoharan, A. P. (2021). E-Government, Corruption Reduction and the Role of Culture: A Study Based on Panel Data of 57 Countries. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 10(3), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEPR.20210701.oa6

Zioło, M., Niedzielski, P., Kuzionko-Ochrymiuk, E., Marcinkiewicz, J., Łobacz, K., Dyl, K., & Szanter, R. (2022). E-Government Development in European Countries: Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects. Energies, 15(23), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238870




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v11i3.21447

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Governance and Public Policy

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

 

Office: 
Master of Government Affairs and Administration (MIP)
Postgraduate Building 2nd Floor UMY

Phone: +62 274 387 656 (ext: 173)

Jl. Brawijaya, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia

View My Stats

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.