Gargling Effect of Zamzam Water on Salivary pH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/di.v10i1.10178Keywords:
Bicarbonate, Gargled, Salivary pH, Zamzam WaterAbstract
Caries is a multifactorial infection disease that happened during the decrease of salivary pH caused by acids from bacterial metabolism. Bicarbonate is an important buffer component in saliva that can help neutralize salivary pH. Zamzam water has high bicarbonate content. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gargled with Zamzam water on salivary pH. This experimental research was done with pre-test and post-test control group design involving 40 dentistry students at the University of Sriwijaya aged 18-23 years old, with DMF-T score ≤3. Samples were divided into 2 groups, the Zamzam water group, and thedistilled water group. Samples gargled their mouth with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution for one minute, then saliva was collected with spitting method and salivary pH was measured with digital pH meter and recorded as initial pH. Samples then gargledwith 20 ml of Zamzam water or distilled water according to each group for one minute, then saliva was collected in the same way as before, and pH was measured and recorded as final pH. Data were analyzed with paired t-test and Mann-Whitney. The result showed that salivary pH increased significantly after gargled with Zamzam water (p>0,05). The mean difference of salivary pH aftergargled with Zamzam water was statistically higher than distilled water (p>0,05). In conclusion, Gargled with Zamzam water can increase salivary pH.
References
RISKESDAS T. Laporan nasional RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2019. 206 p.
Frecken JE. Dental caries and caries epidemiology. In: Evidence-based caries prevention. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. 1–2 p.
Fejerskov O, Larsen MJ. Demineralization and remineralization: the key to understanding clinical manifestasion of dental caries. In: Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. 3rd ed. Wiley Blackwell; 2015. 7–8, 156–63 p.
Robinson C, Weatherell JA, Kirkham J. The chemistry of dental caries. In: Dental enamel formation to destruction. CRC Press; 2018. 234–6 p.
Dodds M, Roland S, Edgar M, Thornhill M. Saliva A review of its role in maintaining oral health and preventing dental disease. BDJ Team. 2015;2(1):15123.
Baliga S, Muglikar S, Kale R. Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(4):4615.
Shomar B. Zamzam water: Concentration of trace elements and other characteristics. Chemosphere. 2012;86(6):600–5.
Khalid N, Ahmad A, Khalid S, Ahmed A, Irfan M. Mineral composition and health functionality of Zamzam water: A review. Int J Food Prop. 2014;17(3):661–77.
Omar UM, Al Doghaither HA, Rahimulddin SA, Al Zahrani SM, Al-Ghafari AB. In vitro cytotoxic and anticancer effects of Zamzam water in human lung cancer (A594) cell line. Malays J Med Sci. 2017;24(3):15–25.
Bamosa A. Zamzam water ameliorates oxidative stress and reduces hemoglobin A1c in Type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab. 2013;04(03):2–6.
Abdullah AM, Abdelsalam E, Abdullah B, Khaled A. Antioxidant effects of Zamzam water in normal rats and those under induced-oxidative stress. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(42):5507–12.
Alfarizi ME, Fauzi A. Manfaat air zamzam terhadap pencegahan osteoporosis the benefits of Zamzam water on prevention of osteoporosis. Majority. 2016;5(2):56–61.
Ali H. Fahad AA-W. Effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on the microhardness and microscopic features of the sound enamel and initial caries-like lesion of permanent teeth, compared to fluoridated agents. J Bagh Coll Dent Bagh Coll Dent. 2012;24(4):114–20.
Ramadhani S, Chairani S, Hestiningsih T. Efek mengunyah mentimun (Cucumis sativus) terhadap laju alir dan pH saliva. Bali Dent J. 2019;3(2):92–5.
Panchal V, Gurunathan D. Comparison of salivary pH changes with tap water and mineral water rinse after 50% sucrose solution rinse: a cross-over trial. J Clin Diagnosis Res. 2017;6(1):1–5.
Alfadul SM, Khan MA. Water quality of bottled water in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A comparative study with Riyadh municipal and Zamzam water. J Environ Sci Heal Part A. 2011;46(13):1519–28.
Abbate GM, Levrini L, Caria MP. Salivary pH after a glucose rinse: effect of a new mucoadhesive spray (Cariex) based on sodium bicarbonate and xylitol. J Clin Dent. 2014;25(4):71–5.
Wulandari P, Lestari F. pH dan kapasitas buffer saliva dalam hubungannya terhadap pembentukan kalkulus pada pasien di instalasi periodonsia RSGM USU. dentika Dent J. 2014;18(2):116–9.
Osso D, Kanani N. Antiseptic mouth rinses: an update on comparative effectiveness, risks and recommendations. J Dent Hyg JDH. 2013;87(1):10–8.
Dehghan M, Tantbirojn D, Kymer-Davis E, Stewart CW, Zhang YH, Versluis A, et al. Neutralizing salivary pH by mouthwashes after an acidic challenge. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017 ;8(2).
Perala SR, Bhupathiraju P. Efficacy of four fluoride mouth rinses on Streptococcus mutans in high caries risk children - a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 ;10(9):56–60.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
License
Insisiva Dental Journal : Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Insisiva (IDJ) is licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license. You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. This license is acceptable for Free Cultural Works.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Copyright
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
