Email this article 
‘Velvet Triangles’ in Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Indonesia
Abstract
Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS Agenda) has been recognized as a landmark in the history of global efforts to maintain international peace and security by centering women on the agenda. Indonesia has shown its commitment to WPS Agenda by adopting its first National Action Plan (NAP) in 2014. On top of that, Indonesia is also committed to increasing the number of female peacekeepers in the UN peacekeeping missions. This research aims to examine how WPS Agenda as a global normative framework diffuses and is internalized in Indonesia. This research employed a feminist institutionalist approach and a qualitative method. Using the concept of ‘velvet triangles’ by Alison Woodward (2004) as our theoretical framework, we argue that the triangular network of velvet actors—consisting of feminist bureaucrats, civil society organizations’ activists, and gender experts—plays a critical role in making a considerably important space for the diffusion of WPS Agenda within Indonesia’s domestic politics and foreign policy debates. In concluding the article, we propose two considerations taking into account the formal and informal arrangement of the velvet constellation and the transnational scale of the network’s actors to provide a more nuanced conceptual definition of velvet triangles.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Achilleos-Sarll, C. (2020). 'Seeing' the women, peace and security agenda: Visual (re)productions of WPS in UK Government national action plans. International Affairs, 96(6), 1643-1663.
Agius, C., & Mundkur, A. (2020). The Australian foreign policy white paper, gender and conflict prevention: Ties that don't bind. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 74(3), 282-300.
AMAN Indonesia. (2021). Advokasi Kebijakan. Retrieved from AMAN Indonesia: https://amanindonesia.org/what-we-do/advokasi-kebijakan/
ANTARA News. (2018, May 23). Menteri PPPA: Perempuan harus jadi agen perdamaian. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from ANTARA News: https://sumsel.antaranews.com/berita/334527/menteri-pppa-perempuan-harus-jadi-agen-perdamaian
ASEAN, (2021). ASEAN Regional Study on Women, Peace and Security. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.
Azizah, N., & Hidayahtulloh, M. (2019). Transnational advocacy in increasing women's representation in Myanmar's parliament. Proceeding of the Third International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2019 - Humanity, Education and Social Sciences (pp. 525-537). Atlantis Press.
Azizah, N., Maksum, A., & Hidayahtulloh, M. (2020). Enhancing women contribution in peace, conflict resolution and security agenda: Indonesian female peacekeepers in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Garuda Contingent-KONGA). Revista UNISCI/UNISCI Journal, 53, 111-129.
Balai Syura. (2021, April 14). Urgensi penyusunan rencana aksi daerah perlindungan dan pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak dalam konflik sosial di Aceh. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Balai Syura: http://balaisyura.com/2021/04/14/urgensi-penyusunan-rencana-aksi-daerah-perlindungan-dan-pemberdayaan-perempuan-dan-anak-dalam-konflik-sosial-di-aceh/
Basini, H., & Ryan, C. (2016). National action plans as an obstacle to meaningful local ownership of UNSCR 1325 in Liberia and Sierra Leone. International Political Science Review, 37(3), 390-403.
Beoku-Betts, J. (2016). Holding African states to task on gender and violence: Domesticating UNSCR 1325 in the Sierra Leone national action plan. Current Sociology, 64(4), 654-670.
Bruey, V. F. (2018). Redefining women's roles in international and regional law: The case of pre-and post-war peacebuilding in Liberia. In S. Shekhawat (Ed.), Gender, conflict, peace, and UNSC resolution 1325 (pp. 1-21). Lanham: Lexington Books.
Buzzi, C. (2019). UNSCR 1325 in Myanmar: Women's rights, peace and security in times of transition. In Å. Kolås (Ed.), Women, peace and security in Myanmar: Between feminism and ethnopolitics (pp. 18-32). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Chinkin, C. (1994). Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law. European Journal of International Law, 5(3), 326-341.
Davies, M. (2016). Women and development, not gender and politics: Explaining ASEAN's failure to engage with the women, peace and security agenda. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 38(1), 106-127.
Deif, F. (2018, September 20). Harnessing the power of women foreign ministers . Retrieved from Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/20/harnessing-power-women-foreign-ministers
Dharmapuri, S. (2011). Just add women and stir? Parameters, 56-70.
Gayatri, I. H. (2011, November 30). Rencana aksi nasional tentang pencegahan, perlindungan dan pemberdayaan perempuan di daerah konflik (RAN P4DK): Upaya mendukung peran perempuan dalam membangun perdamaian di Indonesia. Retrieved June 30, 2021, from Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia: http://www.politik.lipi.go.id/:%20http://www.politik.lipi.go.id/en/columns/578-rencana-aksi-nasional-tentang-pencegahan-perlindungan-dan-pemberdayan-perempuan-di-daerah-konflik-ran-p4dk-upaya-mendukung-peran-perempuan-dalam-membangun-perdamaian-di-indones
Government of Indonesia. (2014). National Action Plan on Protection and Empowerment of Women and Children in Social Conflicts. Jakarta.
Guerrina, R., Chappell, L., & Wright, K. (2018). Transforming CSDP? Feminist triangles and gender regimes. Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(5), 1036-1052.
Hernes, H. (1987). Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
Hidayahtulloh, M. (2020, July 2). The women, peace and security agenda in ASEAN: Progress, gaps and way forward. Retrieved from Women in International Security: https://www.wiisglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/The-Women-Peace-and-Security-Agenda-in-ASEAN-Muhammad-Ammar-Hidayahtulloh.pdf
Horst, C. (2017). Implementing the women, peace and security agenda? Somali debates on women's public roles and political participation. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11(3), 389-407.
Hynes, H. P. (2004). On the battlefield of women's bodies: An overview of the harm of war to women. Women's Studies in International Forum, 27(5-6), 431-445.
Institute for Economics & Peace. (2020). Global Peace Index 2020: Measuring peace in a complex world. Sydney.
Lee-Koo, K., & Trojanowska, B. (2017). Does the United Nations' women, peace and security speak with, for or to women in the Asia Pacific? The development of national action plans in the Asia Pacific. Critical Studies on Security, 5(3), 287-301.
Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism? International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573-588.
Marsudi, R. L. (2018, January 11). Indonesia: Partner for peace, security and prosperity. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/01/10/full-text-indonesia-partner-for-peace-security-prosperity.html
Marsudi, R. L. (2019, October 29). Penyampaian prioritas politik luar negeri Republik Indonesia 2019-2024. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/725/pidato/penyampaian-prioritas-politik-luar-negeri-republik-indonesia-2019-2024
MoFA. (2019, January 29). Indonesia and the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/91/halaman_list_lainnya/indonesia-and-the-united-nations-peacekeeping-mission
MoFA. (2019, April 8). Indonesian membership on the UN Security Council. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/147/halaman_list_lainnya/indonesian-membership-on-the-un-security-council
MoFA. (2020, August 30). The UN Security Council passes Indonesia's resolution on safeguarding world peace for women. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs: https://kemlu.go.id/bogota/en/news/8249/the-un-security-council-passes-indonesias-resolution-on-safeguarding-world-peace-for-women
MoFA. (2020, August 29). UN Security Council adopts Indonesia’s resolution on female pacekeepers. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/1632/berita/un-security-council-adopts-indonesias-resolution-on-female-peacekeepers
MoWECP. (2016, February 23). Press release: Optimalisasi PUG, perlindungan perempuan dan anak melalui penyelenggaraan hubungan politik luar negeri. Retrieved from Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection: https://kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/219/press-release-optimalisasi-pug-perlindungan-perempuan-dan-anak-melalui-penyelenggaraan-hubungan-politik-luar-negeri
MoWECP. (2017, May 17). Menteri Yohana: Pentingnya peran perampuan sebagai penjaga perdamaian dan juru runding dalam memerangi konflik ketegangan sosial. Retrieved from Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection: https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/1421/menteri-yohana-pentingnya-peran-perempuan-sebagai-penjaga-perdamaian-dan-juru-runding-dalam-memerangi-konflik-ketegangan-sosial
Myrttinen, H., Shepherd, L., & Wright, H. (2020). Implementing the women, peace and security agenda in the OSCE region. Vienna: OSCE.
O'Sullivan, M., & Krulišová, K. (2020). "This agenda will never be politically popular": Central Europe's anti-gender mobilization and the Czech Women, Peace and Secuirty agenda. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(4), 526-549.
Parameswaran, P. (2016, September 27). Indonesia wants UN Security Council seat. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/indonesia-wants-un-security-council-seat/
Prajuli, W. A., Yustikaningrum, R., & Amurwanti, D. (2021). How gender socialization is improving women’s representation in Indonesia’s foreign affairs: Breaking the ceiling. Australian Journal of International Affairs.
RAD Perempuan Poso. (2020, January). Konsep kebijakan: Pentingnya penyusunan rencana aksi damai yang berperspektif adil gender di Poso . Retrieved from Research Center for Law, Gender and Society UGM: https://rispub.law.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/1049/2020/06/Draft-RAD-perempuan-Damai-Poso-final.pdf
Rastika, I. (2012, April 8). Imparsial: RUU Konflik Sosial khianati reformasi . Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Kompas: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/04/08/18285041/Imparsial.RUU.Konflik.Sosial
Shepherd, L. J. (2016). Making war safe for women? National action plans and the militarisation of the women, peace and security agenda. International Political Science Review, 37(3), 324-335.
Suara Muhammadiyah. (2018, February 19). Kementerian Luar Negeri dan ‘Aisyiyah kerjasama misi perdamaian. Retrieved from Suara Muhammadiyah: https://suaramuhammadiyah.id/2018/02/19/kementerian-luar-negeri-dan-aisyiyah-kerjasama-misi-perdamaian/
Szymanski, A. K. (2016). A women in charge: A civil affaris manire team leader in Afghanistan. In P. G. Tripodi, & K. Frushour (Eds.), Marines at war: Stories from Afghanistan and Iraq (pp. 134-150). Quantico: Marine Corps University Press.
The Jakarta Post. (2017, September 27). Indonesia FM Retno Marsudi receives UN Agend of Change award. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/09/21/indonesian-fm-retno-marsudi-receives-un-agent-of-change-award.html
Tsalikis, C. (2018, September 25). For women foreign ministers and activists, a historic first in Montreal. Retrieved from Open Canada: https://opencanada.org/women-foreign-ministers-and-activists-historic-first-montreal/
UNSC. (2000, October 31). Resolution 1325. Retrieved from S/RES/1325: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1325
van Eerdewijk, A., & van der Vleuten, A. (2010). From velvet triangles to velvet pentangles? First steps in a methodological framework for multilevel dynamics of norm diffusion. Equal is not enough. Antwerp.
WILPF. (2021, June). 1325 National Action Plans (NAPs). Retrieved from Women's International League of Peace and Freedom: http://1325naps.peacewomen.org
Woodward, A. E. (2004). Building velvet triangles: gender and informal governance. In T. Christiansen, & S. Piattoni (Eds.), Informal governanve in the European Union (pp. 76-93). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Woodward, A. E. (2015). Travels, triangles and transformations: Implications for new agendas in gender equality policy. TVGN, 18(1), 5-18.
WPS Indonesia. (2020). Konsultasi Digital Nasional Review RAN P3AKS. Retrieved from WPS Indonesia: https://wps-indonesia.com
Zwingel, S. (2012). How do norms travel? Theorizing international women's Rrghts in transnational perspective. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 115-129.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v10i1.12223
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Indexed by:
Editorial Office of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
Ki Bagus Hadikusumo Building, E4, 1st floor, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Jl. Brawijaya, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia
jurnalhi@umy.ac.id ariekusumapaksi@umy.ac.id
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional in collaboration with:
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
View My Stats