An Analysis on COVID-19 Disinformation Triangle in Indonesia

Senja Yustitia, Panji Dwi Ashrianto

Abstract


Misinformation and disinformation are widespread in society, as well as during the outbreak of COVID-19. Much of this information is partly accurate, but the others are not, making it difficult for people to find reliable sources and guides. This study aims to see the tendency of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID-19, which has been fact-checked by Mafindo in January - July 2020 period using quantitative content analysis.  The misinformation and disinformation criteria refer to the seven UNESCO types.  They were analyzed using the disinformation triangle model by Victoria L. Rubin. The results showed that the highest intensity of COVID-19 misinformation and disinformation was in March, April, and May. Misinformation and disinformation are mostly disseminated through the platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. The types of content that are most widely shared are misleading content, fabricated content, and false context. Besides, personal opinions are also the source of the most common COVID-19 misinformation during January-July 2020.


Keywords


COVID-19; Disinformation; Indonesia; Misinformation

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ariani, Y. (2019). Riset Mandiri Tirto Siapa Penyebar Hoaks di Indonesia? Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Tirto website: https://tirto.id/siapa-penyebar-hoaks-di-indonesia-dCr2

Barua, Z., Barua, S., Aktar, S., Kabir, N., & Li, M. (2020). Effects of misinformation on COVID-19 individual responses and recommendations for resilience of disastrous consequences of misinformation. Progress in Disaster Science, 8, 100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100119

Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Types , Sources , and Claims of COVID-19 Misinformation. Oxford University Press, (April), 1–13.

Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., … Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic. 1–18. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05004

Databoks. (2020). Ini Media Sosial Paling Populer Sepanjang April 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from Katadata website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/05/25/ini-media-sosial-paling-populer-sepanjang-april-2020

Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., … Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6, 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091

Eriyanto. (2011). Analisi Isi Pengantar Metodologi untuk Penelitian Ilmu Komunikasi dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media.

Hesthi Rahayu, W., & Utari, P. (2018). Elaborasi Pesan Hoax Di Grup Facebook Info Wong Solo. Komunikator, 10(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.18196/jkm.101003

Jayani, Dwi Hadya. (2020). 10 Media Sosial yang Paling Sering Digunakan di Indonesia. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from Databoks website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/02/26/10-media-sosial-yang-paling-sering-digunakan-di-indonesia

Jayani, Dwi Handya. (2020). 10 Media Sosial yang Paling Sering Digunakan di Indonesia. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from katadata website: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/02/26/10-media-sosial-yang-paling-sering-digunakan-di-indonesia

Karlova, N. A., & Fisher, K. E. (2013). A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour. Information Research, 18(1). Retrieved from http://www.informationr.net/ir/18-1/paper573.html#.X3gnYGgzY2y

Moudy, J., & Syakurah, R. A. (2020). Pengetahuan terkait usaha pencegahan Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) di Indonesia. Higeia Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 4(3), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.15294/higeia.v4i3.37844

Nadzir, I., Seftiani, S., & Permana, Y. S. (2019). Hoax and Misinformation in Indonesia: Insights from a Nationwide Survey. Perspective, (92), 1–12. Retrieved from https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2019_92.pdf

Nafi’an, M. I. (2020). Polda Metro Tangani 43 Kasus Hoax Terkait Wabah Corona, 4 Ditangkap. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Detik.com website: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4959084/polda-metro-tangani-43-kasus-hoax-terkait-wabah-corona-4-ditangkap

Nasir, N. M., Baequni, B., & Nurmansyah, M. I. (2020). Misinformation Related To Covid-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.51-59

Nguyen, H., & Nguyen, A. (2020). Covid-19 Misinformation and the Social (Media) Amplification of Risk: A Vietnamese Perspective. Media and Communication, 8(2), 444–447. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3227

Oliveira, N. (2020). Dozens infected with coronavirus after church sprayed saltwater inside people’s mouths using same nozzle. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Daily News website: https://www.nydailynews.com/coronavirus/ny-coronavirus-south-korea-church-sprayed-salt-water-followers-20200317-ssyg42k5obephouqeg66yspxxy-story.html

Posetti, J., Ireton, C., Wardle, C., Derakhshan, H., Matthews, A., Abu-Fadil, M., … Mantzarlis, A. (2018). JOURNALISM , ‘ FAKE NEWS ’ & Handbook for Journalism Education and Training (C. Ireton & J. Posetti, Eds.). Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Potkin, F., Damiana, J., & Mano, A. (2019). Facebook’s WhatsApp limits users to five text forwards to curb rumors. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from Reuters website: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-whatsapp/facebooks-whatsapp-limits-text-forwards-to-five-recipients-to-curb-rumors-idUSKCN1PF0TP

Putri, V. M. (2020). Update: Ada 196 Hoax Virus Corona Ditemukan di Indonesia. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Detik.com website: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-4936108/update-ada-196-hoax-virus-corona-ditemukan-di-indonesia

Rahayu, R. N., & Sensusiyati. (2020). Analisis Berita Hoax Covid - 19 Di Media Sosial Di Indonesia. Intelektiva: Jurnal Ekonomi, Sosial, & Humaniora, 01(09), 60–73.

Roth, Y., & Pickles, N. (2020). Bot atau bukan? Fakta tentang manipulasi platform di Twitter. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from Twitter website: https://blog.twitter.com/in_id/topics/company/2020/Bot-atau-bukan.html

Rubin, Victoria L. (2019). Disinformation and misinformation triangle: A conceptual model for “fake news” epidemic, causal factors and interventions. Journal of Documentation, 75(5), 1013–1034. https://doi.org/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-12-2018-0209/full/html

Rubin, Victorial L. (2018). Keynote Speech At The Information Without Borders Conference 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from victoriarubin website: https://victoriarubin.fims.uwo.ca/2018/01/11/keynote-speech-information-without-borders-conference-2018/

Salsabila, I. (2018). Hoax Tewaskan Warga, India Ancam Hukum WhatsApp. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from detik website: https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-4124856/hoax-tewaskan-warga-india-ancam-hukum-whatsapp

Sasmito, A. (2020). Kompilasi Post Periksa Fakta MAFINDO Berkaitan Dengan Virus Corona. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Mafindo website: https://turnbackhoax.id/2020/02/06/kompilasi-post-periksa-fakta-mafindo-berkaitan-dengan-virus-corona/

Syambudi, I. (2020). Lockdown Mandiri ala Jogja: Ditolak Pemerintah, Diinginkan Warga. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from Tirto website: https://tirto.id/lockdown-mandiri-ala-jogja-ditolak-pemerintah-diinginkan-warga-eH3o

Wardle, C. (2017). Fake news. It’s complicated. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from First Draft website: https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated/

Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. In First Draft. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0352-0191-8/4

White, M. D., & Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053

WHO. (2020). Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report - 13. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf?sfvrsn=195f4010_6

Wibawa, S. W. (2020). Studi: 800 Orang Meninggal karena Hoaks Corona. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Kompas.com website: https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/08/13/180500023/studi-800-orang-meninggal-karena-hoaks-dan-teori-konspirasi-corona?page=all

Widiatmojo, R. (2020). Literasi Visual Sebagai Penangkal Foto Hoax Covid-19. Sospol: Jurnal Sosial Politik, 6(1), 114–127.

Wu, L., Morstatter, F., Carley, K. M., & Liu, H. (2019). Misinformation in social media: Definition, manipulation, and detection. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 21(2), 80–90. Retrieved from https://www.public.asu.edu/~huanliu/papers/Misinformation_LiangWu2019.pdf

Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. Lancet (London, England), 395(10225), 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X




DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jkm.122040

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Komunikator

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 Komunikator Indexed by:

      

Komunikator Supported by:

   

Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 

Jl. Lingkar Selatan Yogyakarta 55183 Po Box 1063, telp. (0274) 387656 pesawat 175, fax: (0274) 387646, email: jurnal.komunikator@gmail.com komunikator@umy.ac.id, website: journal.umy.ac.id

Komunikator Incorporates with:

Lisensi Creative Commons 

Komunikator is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license.