Reimagining Blended Learning Post-COVID-19: Insights from EFL Students’ Narratives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/ftl.v10i1.25234Keywords:
Blended Learning, EFL Students, Narratives, Post-COVID-19Abstract
Background: During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, many academics and researchers in English Language Teaching (ELT) have studied a variety of issues faced in various types of online teaching and learning, including examining the efficacy of the Blended Learning (BL) approach as a result of the emergency remote and fully online learning or e-learning in response to the learning-from-home policy. Nevertheless, the researchers discovered that only a few studies employed a narrative inquiry method to explore students' perspectives, stories, and voices relating to their ways of learning during and after the pandemic.
Objective: This study helped the researchers better understand the challenges students faced and the adjustments they made, providing unique insights that other methods might miss.
Methods: This study addresses that gap by examining the stories and views of nine EFL students from three Indonesian universities who experienced various learning modes during and after the pandemic, including face-to-face, fully online, and blended classes. The students were requested to share their experiences and viewpoints about the BL approach through open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The methods and tools from the narrative analysis were then employed to analyze the gathered stories and responses.
Findings: The findings indicate that while most students supported BL using appropriate online tools, their understanding of the approach varied, emphasizing the need for specific conditions for its successful implementation.
Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of the approach variations of BL.
References
Adnan, M. & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP.%202020261309
Agung, A. S. N., Surtikanti, M. W., & Quinones, C. A. (2020). Students’ perception of online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A case study on the English students of STKIP Pamane Talino. SOSHUM: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora, 10(2), 225-235. https://dx.doi.org/10.31940/soshum.v10i2.1316
Aljuaid, H. (2021). Online learning of English language courses via blackboard at Saudi universities during COVID-19: Challenges and difficulties. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 18(3), 780-799. http://dx.doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2021.18.3.3.780
Alkhudiry, R. (2022). The contribution of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory in mediating L2 knowledge co-construction. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 12(10), 2117–2123. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1210.19
Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2010). Class differences: Online education in the United States, 2010. Sloan Consortium (NJ1), 1-26, Retrieved December 23, 2021, from https://www.bayviewanalytics.com/reports/class-differences.pdf
Amri, T., Asrun, L., & Amef, A. (2019). Classroom action research in teaching English for senior high school students through blended learning in Kendari of Indonesia. Je-LKS: Journal of eLearning and Knowledge Society, 15(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.20368/1971-8829/1579
Argyriou, P., Benamar, K., & Nikolajeva, M. (2022). What to blend? Exploring the relationship between student engagement and academic achievement via a blended learning approach. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 21(2), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/14757257221091512
Atmojo, A., & Nugroho, A. (2020). EFL classes must go online! Teaching activities and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Register Journal, 13(1), 49-76. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.49-76
Banditvilai, C. (2016). Enhancing students’ language skills through blended learning. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 14, 220-229. https://issuu.com/academic-conferences.org/docs/ejel-volume14-issue3-article508/1
Barkhuizen, G., Benson, P., & Chik, A. (2013). Narrative Inquiry in Language Teaching and Learning Research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203124994
Barkhuizen, G. (2015). Narrative inquiry. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakiti. (Eds.), Research methods in applied linguistics: A practical resource. (pp. 169-85). Bloomsbury.
Benson, P. (2007). Autonomy in language teaching and learning. Language Teaching, 40(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806003958
Benson, P. (2013). ‘Narrative writing as method: Second language identity development in study abroad’. In G Barkhuizen (ed.). Narrative Research in Applied Linguistics (pp. 244–263). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bonk, C. J., & Graham, C. R. (2006). The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. Pfeiffer.
Bonk, C. J., & Graham, C. R. (2012). The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. John Wiley & Sons.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching. Pearson Longman.
Busaya, S., & Saovapa, W. (2018). Flipping the classroom for English language learners: A study of learning performance and perceptions. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 13(9), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.7792
Caldwell, M. (2018). Japanese university students’ perceptions on the use of ICT and mobile-learning in an EFL setting. CALL-EJ, 19(2), 187-212. http://callej.org/journal/19-2/Caldwell2018.pdf
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203720967
Connelly, F., & Clandinin, D. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14.
Cullinan, J., Flannery, D., Harold, J., Lyons, S., & Palcic, D. (2021). The disconnected: Covid-19 and disparities in access to quality broadband for Higher Education Students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00262-1
Deniz, Ş. (2024). A brief history of blended learning and its importance in English language teach. International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.4423
Dewi, N. A., & Oktapiani, W. (2024). Sociocultural theory implications and applications in modern pedagogy. Allemania: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Jerman, 03(01), 46–56. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/allemania/index
Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies (Oxford applied linguistics). Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (2019). Introducing Task-based Language Teaching. (W. A. Renandya & Nur Hayati, Eds.) (1st ed., Vol. 1, Ser. 1). TEFLIN Teacher Development Series, TEFLIN Publication Division. https://willyrenandya.com/introducing-task-based-language-teaching/
Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2019). Task-based language teaching: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
El-Sayad, G., Md Saad, N. H., & Thurasamy, R. (2021). How higher education students in Egypt perceived online learning engagement and satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Computers in Education, 8(4), 527-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00191-y
Famularsih, S. (2020). Students’ experiences in using online learning applications due to COVID-19 in English classroom. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v1i2.40
Faatihah DM, J. N., Jafar, M. B., & Muhayyang, M. (2024). The students’ voices on the use of blended learning model in teaching English. EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation, 4(2), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.35877/454ri.eduline2591
Fazlali, F. (2024). The effect of blended learning on educational accountability and creativity of Iranian EFL learners. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 27(2), 669–685. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v27i2.7409
Febrianto, A. R., & Susanto, A. I. (2023). EFL students’ reflections on their language learning shifts : Before, during, and after COVID-19. The Journal of AsiaTEFL, 20(1), 106–126. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2023.20.1.7.106
Febrianto, A. R. (2019). Teachers’ and student’s scaffolding in Second language learning. Edulink : Education And Linguistics Knowledge Journal, 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.32503/edulink.v1i2.604
Flammia, M., Cleary, Y., & Slattery, D. M. (2016). Virtual teams in higher education: A handbook for students and teachers. IAP.
Fuller, L. (2021). Negotiating a New Blend in Blended Learning: Research Roots. Inquiry: The Journal of the Virginia Community Colleges, 24 (1). https://commons.vccs.edu/inquiry/vol24/iss1/6
Gayatri, P., Chen, S., & Sit, H. (2022). A review on blended learning for English language teaching in Indonesian higher education. Digital Communication and Learning, 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8329-9_14
Gao, B. W., Jiang, J., & Tang, Y. (2020). The effect of blended learning platform and engagement on students’ satisfaction—— the case from the Tourism Management Teaching. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 27, 100272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2020.100272
Gibbons, P. (2002). Scaffolding language, scaffolding learning. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Gonzales, A. L., McCrory Calarco, J., & Lynch, T. (2018). Technology problems and student achievement gaps: A validation and extension of the technology maintenance construct. Communication Research, 47(5), 750–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218796366
Graham, C. R. (2006). Blended learning systems: Definition, current trends, and future directions. In C. J. Bonk & C. R. Graham (Eds.), The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. (pp. 3-21). Pfeiffer.
Graham, C.R., Allen, S. & Ure, D. (2003). Blended learning environments: A review of the research literature. Unpublished manuscript. Provo, UT.
Green, P. (2016). How to Succeed with Online Learning. In N. Rushby & D. W. Surry (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of learning technology (pp. 261-286). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118736494.ch15
GSM Association. (2020, June). The mobile economy Asia Pacific 2020. https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2020/the-mobile-economy-asia-pacific2020
Hall, H., & Davison, B. (2007). Social Software as support in hybrid learning environments: The value of the blog as a tool for reflective learning and Peer Support. Library & Information Science Research, 29(2), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2007.04.007
Han, Y., & Yi, Y. (2021). The effectiveness of online EFL instruction amid COVID-19: An attitude-andneed-based study of EFL learners at Changzhou university, China. English as a Foreign Language International Journal, 25(5), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.56498/67122021
Huang, M., Kuang, F., & Ling, Y. (2022). EFL learners’ engagement in different activities of blended learning environment. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00136-7
Istifci, I. (2017). Perceptions of Turkish EFL students on online language learning platforms and blended language learning. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p113
Kilag, O. K. T., Maghanoy, D. A. F., Dela Calzada-Seraña, K. R. D., & Ponte, R. B. (2023). Integrating lev vygotsky’s sociocultural theory into online instruction: A case study. European Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences, 1(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.61796/ejlhss.v1i1.6
Kintu, M. J., Zhu, C., & Kagambe, E. (2017). Blended learning effectiveness: The relationship between student characteristics, design features and outcomes. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0043-4
Jiang, L., & Liang, X. (2023). Influencing factors of Chinese EFL students’ continuance learning intention in SPOC-based blended learning environment. Education and Information Technologies, 28(10), 13379–13404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11734-4
Lai, C., & Gu, M. (2011). Self-regulated out-of-class language learning with technology. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(4), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2011.568417
Lantolf, J. P., & Thorne, S. L. (2006). Sociocultural Theory and He Genesis of Second Language Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Le, T. N., Allen, B., & Johnson, N. F. (2021). Blended learning: Barriers and drawbacks for English language lecturers at Vietnamese universities. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19(2), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211048235
Lewis, T. (2013). Between the social and the selfish: Learner autonomy in online environments. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7(3), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2013.836202
Li, X., Odhiambo, F. A., & Ocansey, D. K. (2023). The effect of students’ online learning experience on their satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of preference. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1095073
MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2020). Language teachers’ coping strategies during the COVID-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions. System, 94, 102352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102352
Marzano, R. J., Pickering, D., & Pollock, J. E. (2001). Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
McLaughlin, J. E., Griffin, L. M., Esserman, D. A., Davidson, C. A., Glatt, D. M., Roth, M. T., Gharkholonarehe, N., & Mumper, R. J. (2013). Pharmacy student engagement, performance, and perception in a flipped satellite classroom. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77(9), 196. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe779196
Mercer, S., & Dörnyei, Z. (2020). Engaging language learners in contemporary classrooms. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009024563
Mercer, N., & Howe, C. (2012). Explaining the dialogic processes of teaching and learning: The value and potential of sociocultural theory. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 1(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2012.03.001
Mertova, P., & Webster, L. (2020). Using narrative inquiry as a research method: An introduction to critical event narrative analysis in research, training and professional practice. Routledge.
Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (MoECRI). (2020, March 17). Surat edaran mendikbud: Pembelajaran secara daring dan bekerja dari rumah dalam rangka pencegahan penyebaran corona virus disease (COVID-19) [Circular letter of the Minister of Education and Culture: Online learning and working from home to prevent the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19)]. Kemdikbud (MoECRI). https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2020/03/se-mendikbud-pembelajaran-secara-daring-dan-bekerja-dari-rumah-untuk-mencegah-penyebaran-covid19
Djalante, R., Nurhidayah, L., Van Minh, H., Phuong, N. T., Mahendradhata, Y., Trias, A., Lassa, J., & Miller, M. A. (2020). Covid-19 and ASEAN responses: Comparative policy analysis. Progress in Disaster Science, 8, 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100129
Mirriahi, N., Alonzo, D., & Fox, B. (2015). A blended learning framework for curriculum design and professional development. Research in Learning Technology, 23. https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.28451
Missildine, K., Fountain, R., Summers, L., & Gosselin, K. (2013). Flipping the classroom to improve student performance and satisfaction. Journal of Nursing Education, 52(10), 597–599. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20130919-03
Moore, M. G. (1993). Three types of interaction. In Harry, K., John, M., & Keegan, D. (Eds.), Distance education theory (pp. 19-24). Routledge.
Moore, M.G. (2018). The theory of transactional distance. In Moore, M. G., & Diehl, W. C. (Eds.), Handbook of distance education (4th edition, pp. 32-46). Taylor and Francis - Balkema. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315296135
Moorhouse, B. L. (2020). Adaptations to a face-to-face initial teacher education course ‘forced’ online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 609-611. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1755205
Moorhouse, B. L., & Kohnke, L. (2021). Responses of the english-language-teaching community to the COVID-19 pandemic. RELC Journal, 52(3), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211053052
Moskal, P., Dziuban, C., & Hartman, J. (2013). Blended learning: A dangerous idea? The Internet and Higher Education, 18, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.12.001
Murphy, M. P. A. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: consequences of the securitization of higher education for postpandemic pedagogy. Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749
Muslem, A., Yusuf, Y. Q., & Juliana, R. (2018). Perceptions and Barriers to ICT use among English teachers in Indonesia. Teaching English with Technology, 18(1), 3–23. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=606504
Nartiningrum, N., & Nugroho, A. (2020). Online learning amidst global pandemic: EFL students’ challenges, suggestions, and needed materials. ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education, 4(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.29240/ef.v4i2.1494
Oraif, I., & Elyas, T. (2021). The impact of covid-19 on learning: Investigating EFL learners’ engagement in online courses in Saudi Arabia. Education Sciences, 11(3), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030099
Park, Y., & Doo, M. Y. (2024). Role of AI in blended learning: A systematic literature review. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 25(1), 164–196. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v25i1.7566
Pasaribu, T. A., & Dewi, N. (2021). Indonesian EFL students' voices on online learning during COVID-19 through appraisal analysis. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 14(1), 399-426. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/LEARN/article/view/248696
Plaisance, M. (2018). Online Course Delivery. In J. I. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0129
Pradana, M., & Syarifuddin, S. (2021). The struggle is real: Constraints of online education in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.753776
Prasetyanto, D., Rizki, M., & Sunitiyoso, Y. (2022). Online learning participation intention after COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: Do students still make trips for online class? Sustainability, 14(4), 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14041982
Prasetio, A., Anggadwita, G., & Pasaribu, R. D. (2021). Digital Learning Challenge in Indonesia. Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, 56–71. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4972-8.ch004
Pregoner, J. D., & Baguio, J. B. (2024). Learning strategies and readiness towards blended learning in English subjects as predictors of students’ satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 50(4), 170–184. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i41321
Rahim, M. N., & Chandran, S. S. C. (2021). Investigating EFL students’ perceptions on e-learning paradigmshift during Covid-19 pandemic. Elsya: Journal of English Language Studies, 3(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.31849/elsya.v3i1.5949
Renandya, W. A., & Jacobs, G. M. (2021). What makes a good language teacher in a changing world. Journal of English Language and Linguistics, 2(2), 1-16. http://hdl.handle.net/10497/23629
Rianto, A. (2020). Blended learning application in higher education: EFL learners' perceptions, problems, and suggestions. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 55-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v5i1.574
Rienties, B., Lewis, T., McFarlane, R., Nguyen, Q., & Toetenel, L. (2017). Analytics in online and offline language learning environments: The role of learning design to understand student online engagement. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 31(3), 273–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2017.1401548
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage.
Rust, R. T., & Cooil, B. (1994). Reliability measures for qualitative data: Theory and implications. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151942
Sari, A. R., Bonk, C. J., & Zhu, M. (2019). MOOC instructor designs and challenges: What can be learned from existing moocs in Indonesia and Malaysia? Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(1), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09618-9
Sarwari, K., Kakar, A. F., Golzar, J., & Miri, M. A. (2021). Distance learning during COVID-19 in Afghanistan: Challenges and opportunities. E-Learning and Digital Media. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211044757
Setyaningsih, E. (2020). Face to face or online learning: Students’ perspectives on blended learning in Indonesia. Journal of English Language Studies, 5(1), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30870/jels.v5i1.6256
Shadiev, R., & Yang, M. (2020). Review of Studies on technology-enhanced language learning and teaching. Sustainability, 12(2), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020524
Siemens, G., Gašević, D., & Dawson, S. (2015). Preparing for the digital university: A review of the history and current state of distance, blended and online learning. Athabasca University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3515.8483
Siew-Eng, L., & Muuk, M. A. (2015). Blended learning in teaching secondary schools’ English: A preparation for tertiary Science education in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 167, 293-300.
Smith, K., & Hill, J. (2018). Defining the nature of blended learning through its depiction in current research. Higher Education Research & Development, 38(2), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1517732
Staker, H., & Horn, M. B. (2012). Classifying K-12 blended learning - christensen institute. https://www.christenseninstitute.org/. https://www.christenseninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Classifying-K-12-blended-learning.pdf
Storch, N. (2002). Patterns of interaction in ESL pair work. Language Learning, 52(1), 119–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00179
Stracke, E. (2007). A road to understanding: A qualitative study into why learners drop out of a blended language learning (BLL) environment. ReCALL, 19(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344007000511
Sun, S. Y. H. (2014). Learner perspectives on fully online language learning. Distance Education, 35(1), 18- 42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2014.891428
Tomlinson, B., & Whittaker, C. (2013). Blended learning in English language teaching. London: British Council. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/case-studies-insights-and-research/blendedlearning-english-language-teaching-course
Tong, D. H., Uyen, B. P., & Ngan, L. K. (2022). The effectiveness of blended learning on students’ academic achievement, self-study skills and learning attitudes: A quasi-experiment study in teaching the conventions for coordinates in the plane. Heliyon, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12657
Tshabalala, M., Ndeya-Ndereya, C., & van der Merwe, T. (2014). Implementing Blended Learning at a Developing University: Obstacles in the Way. Electronic Journal of E-learning, 12(1), 101-110. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1020735.pdf
UNICEF. (2021, February). Situational analysis on digital learning landscape in Indonesia. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/reports/situation-analysis-digital-learning-indonesia
UNICEF. (2020, February). Strengthening digital learning across Indonesia. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/reports/situation-analysis-digital-learning-indonesia
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wang, N., Chen, J., Tai, M., & Zhang, J. (2019). Blended learning for chinese university EFL learners: Learning environment and learner perceptions. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 34(3), 297–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1607881
Wang, X., & Zhang, W. (2022). Improvement of Students’ Autonomous Learning Behavior by Optimizing Foreign Language Blended Learning Mode. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211071108
Wright, B. M. (2017). Blended learning: Student perception of face-to-face and online Efl lessons. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i1.6859
Wu, J., & Liu, W. (2013). An empirical investigation of the critical factors affecting students’ satisfaction in EFL blended learning. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.1.176-185
Wuryaningsih, W., Susilastuti, D. H., Darwin, M., & Pierewan, A. C. (2019). Effects of web-based learning and F2F Learning on Teachers Achievement in teacher training program in Indonesia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 14(21), 123. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i21.10736
World Economic Forum. (2021, March 9). Digital policy in Indonesia: The missing public sector link. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/digital-policy-in-indonesia-the-missing-public-sector-link/
World Health Organization. (2020, March 27). Coronavirus disease (covid-19): Staying active. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-staying-active
Yang, Y. F., & Kuo, N. C. (2021). Blended learning to foster EFL college students’ global literacy. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(1–2), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1900874
Zainuddin, Z. (2017). First-Year College Students' Experiences in the EFL Flipped Classroom: A Case Study in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 10(1), 133-150. https://www.e-iji.net/dosyalar/iji_2017_1_9.pdf
Zainuddin, Z., & Keumala, C. M. (2018). Blended learning method within Indonesian higher education institutions. Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora, 6(2), 69-77. http://journal.um.ac.id/index.php/jph
Zen, Z. (2019). Inovasi Pendidikan Berbasis Teknologi Informasi: Menuju Pendidikan Masa Depan. E-Tech: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pendidikan, 6(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24036/et.v2i2.101346
Zhang, L. J., & Wu, A. (2009). Chinese senior high school EFL students’ metacognitive awareness and reading-strategy use. Reading in A Foreign Language, 21(1), 37–59. http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Aziza Restu Febrianto

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, social media account, or on their website) after the article getting published in the journal, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.