Optimizing PID Controller for Large-Scale MIMO Systems Using Flower Pollination Algorithm

Authors

  • Suad Ali Aessa University of Technology- Iraq
  • Salam Waley Shneen University of Technology-Iraq
  • Manal Kadhim Oudah University of Technology-Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v6i2.24409

Keywords:

Communications Systems LS-MIMO, PID Controller, ITAE Fitness Function, FPA Algorithm

Abstract

In communications systems, a group of technologies can be linked into one system. Each technology has a function, and each system has stages. Therefore, it can be said that the input stage can have one or multiple inputs. MIMO techniques suffer from a large-scale linear dynamic problem, it will be easy to adjust the (PID) of a continuous system, and any system is considered vulnerable to disturbances during the operation process. Therefore, a state of instability can occur in it, which requires developing solutions to modify the behavior of the it. Systems need control units to handle transient states as a result of changing operating conditions of the system. Expert and intelligent systems can be used to adjust the traditional controllers and make them adapt to the operating conditions of the proposed system. Work must be done to make the proposed approach capable of ensuring stability for the system. Work can be done to reduce the time for the transient state and the speed of response to the stable state. The behavior of the system can be clarified through simulation results and show the difference between the methods. Proposed to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the work and verify it using the MATLAB program to design a highly accurate and efficient model. The current study reviews This work displays the tuning of the PID controller for MIMO systems utilizing a statistical FPA and evaluated by objective function as integral time absolute error (ITAE). A combination of ITAE combined with the FPA reduction method is adopted to reduce the steady-state transient time responses between the higher-order initial scheme and the unit amplitude It also aims to conduct simulation and develop the appropriate and proposed design model with different. It is possible to compare the control of the system using a traditional control unit and another that adjusts using the modern technology of the Flower pollination algorithm FPA-PID. It also showed that the results of the simulation process were clear that the optimization process using FPA-PID was superior to the other traditional case (PID).

References

M. Zadehbagheri, A. Ma'arif, R. Ildarabadi, M. Ansarifard, and I. Suwarno, “Design of multivariate pid controller for power networks using gea and pso,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 108-117, 2023, doi: 10.18196/jrc.v4i1.15682.

A. Ma'arif and N. R. Setiawan, “Control of DC motor using integral state feedback and comparison with PID: simulation and Arduino implementation,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 456-461, 2021, doi: 10.18196/jrc.v2i5.25122.

A. L. Shuraiji and S. W. Shneen, “Fuzzy Logic Control and PID Controller for Brushless Permanent Magnetic Direct Current Motor: A Comparative Study,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 762-768, 2022, doi: 10.18196/jrc.v3i6.15974.

O. Y. Ismael, N. Noaman, and I. Kh. Abdullah, “Fick’s Law Algorithm Based-Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Twin Rotor MIMO System,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 694-705, 2024, doi:10.18196/jrc.v5i3.21725.

J. G. Descure, M. O. Damen, and S. Affes, “Adaptive Preprocessing and Ordering for Detection in MIMO Systems over Rayleigh Fading Channels,” 3rd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, pp. 1-4, 2009, doi: 10.1109/ICSCS.2009.5412686.

H. N. Abdullah, “Reduction of large scale linear dynamic SISO and MIMO systems using modified particle swarm optimization algorithm,” IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), pp. 166-171, 2016.

Z. H. Jaber, D. J. Kadhim, and A. S. Al-Araji, “Spectral And Energy Efficiency Analysis For Beamforming Optimization Objectives For Wireless Massive MIMO Systems,” Iraqi Journal Of Computers, Communications, Control and Systems Engineering, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 10-22, 2023, doi: 10.33103/uot.ijccce.23.1.2.

G. Manita, A. Chhabra, and O. Korbaa, “Efficient e-mail spam filtering approach combining Logistic Regression model and Orthogonal Atomic Orbital Search algorithm,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 144, no. 4, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110478.

M. Y. Hassan and M. A. Abdali, “PID-Like FLC For Four Cylinders Mean Value Gasoline Engine Model In Idle Mode,” Kufa Journal of Engineering, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 114-130, 2018.

B. Xiao, X. Yu, W. Ni, X. Wang, and H. V. Poor, “Over-the-air federated learning: Status quo, open challenges, and future directions,” Fundamental Research, July 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.01.011.

G. Zhang, Q. Hu, Y. Cai, and G. Yu, “SCAN: Semantic communication with adaptive channel feedback,” IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 10, no. 5, 2024.

S. M. Dawood, “Master-Slaves Speed Synchronization Of Triple 3-Phase Induction Motors Using PI and PID Control Methods,” Kufa Journal of Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 21-45, 2017.

J. Tang, C. Pan, Y. Zhang, H. Ren, and K. Wang, “Secure MIMO Communication Relying on Movable Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3465369.

P. Y. Benhamou et al., “Efficacy of a hybrid closed-loop solution in patients with excessive time in hypo glycaemia a post hoc analysis of trials with DBLG1 system,” Journal of diabetes science and technology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 372-379, 2024.

K. Jagatheesan, B. Anand, and S. Samanta, “Flower pollination algorithm tuned PID controller for multi-source interconnected multi area power system,” Applications of Flower Pollination Algorithm and its Variants, pp. 221-239, 2021, doi: 10.1007/978-981-33-6104-1_10.

J. M. Alkhasraji, S. W. Shneen, and M. Q. Sulttan, “Reduction of Large Scale Linear Dynamic MIMO Systems Using ACO-PID Controller,” Ingenerate e Investigation, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2024.

S. A. Aessa, E. H. Ali, S. W. Shneenand, and L. H. Abood, “Adaptive Fuzzy Filter Technique for Mixed Noise Removing from Sonar Images Underwater,” Journal of Fuzzy Systems and Control, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 45-49, 2024, doi: 10.59247/jfsc.v2i2.176.

M. Hadi et al., "BBO tuned PI controller for the stability of TCP networks," TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 264-271, 2023.

S. Nadweh, O. Khaddam, G. Hayek, B. Atieh, and H. H. Alhelou, “Optimization of P& PI controller parameters for variable speed drive systems using a flower pollination algorithm,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 8, p. e04648, 2020.

V. Killarikar and J. Katkar, “Design of PID Controllers for Decoupled MIMO Systems,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 52 – 56, 2014.

E. S. Rahayu, A. Ma’arif, and A. Çakan, “Particle swarm optimization (PSO) tuning of PID control on DC motor,” International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 435-447, 2022.

M. R. Djalal and I. Robandi, “Optimization of PID controller design for DC motor based on flower pollination algorithm,” International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering, 2015.

S. Lalljith et al., "Applications of flower pollination algorithm in electrical power systems: a review," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 8924-8947, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3138518.

L. H. Abood, B. K. Oleiwi, and E. H. Ali, “Optimal backstepping controller for controlling DC motor speed,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 2564-2572, 2022.

I. Suwarno, A. Ma’arif, N. M. Raharja, T. K. Hariadi, and M. A. Shomad, “Using a combination of PID control and Kalman filter design of IoT-based telepresence self-balancing robots during COVID 19 pandemic,” Emerging Science Journal, vol. 4, pp. 241-261, 2020.

G. Vasu, K. V. S. Santosh, and G. Sandeep, “Reduction of large scale linear dynamic SISO and MIMO systems using differential evolution optimization algorithm,” 2012 IEEE Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, pp. 1-6, 2012.

N. C. Damasceno and O. G. Filho, “PI controller optimization for a heat exchanger through metaheuristic Bat Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Flower Pollination Algorithm and Cuckoo Search Algorithm,” in IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1801-1807, 2017.

H. M. Fatihu, "Improved Decentralized Fractional-Order Control of Higher-Order Systems Using Modified Flower Pollination Optimization," Algorithms, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 94, 2024.

S. W. Shneen, J. M. Daif Alkhasraji, and M. Q. Sulttan, “Internet-based Control of Thermo-optical Plant Improvement based on the PID-GWO System,” Journal of Fuzzy Systems and Control, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 197-202, 2024, doi: 10.59247/jfsc.v2i3.257.

S. M. Qasim, M. Hadi Jaber, and S. W. Shneen,” Proportional-integral genetic algorithm controller for stability of TCP network,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6225-6232, 2020.

S. Satakshi, S. Mukherjee, and R. C. Mittal, “Order reduction using mixed method,” 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp. 2384-2388, 2012.

T. Sudha, “Multi-Objective Optimization Based Multi-Objective Controller Tuning Method with Robust Stabilization of Fractional Calculus CSTR,” WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, vol. 16, pp. 375-382, 2021, doi: 10.37394/23203.2021.16.32.

N. Jeffrey, Q. Tan, and J. R. Villar, “A hybrid methodology for anomaly detection in Cyber–Physical Systems,” Neurocomputing, vol. 568, p. 127068, 2024.

M. Juneja and S. K. Nagar, “Comparative Study of Model Order. Reduction using Combination of PSO with Conventional Reduction Technique,” International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC), pp. 406-411, 2015.

S. W. Shneen, D. H. Shaker, and F. N. Abdullah, “Simulation model of PID for DC-DC converter by using MATLAB,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 3791-3797, 2021.

D. K Sambariya and O. Sharma, “Routh Approximation: An Approach of Model Order Reduction in SISO and MIMO Systems,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 2, no.3, pp. 486-500, 2016.

E. Yaser Ali et al., "Applying Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controllers on Wired Network TCP’s Queue to Solve Its Incompatibility with the Wireless Ad-Hoc Network," ITEGAM-JETIA, vol. 10, no. 49, pp. 228-232, 2024, doi: 10.5935/jetia.v10i49.1346.

D. K. Sambariya and O. Sharma, “Model Order Reduction Using Routh Approximation and Cuckoo Search Algorithm,” Journal of Automation and Control, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 1-9, 2016.

F. Cogen, B. A. Özden, E. Aydin, and N. Kabaoglu, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface-empowered code index modulation for high-rate SISO systems,” IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1856–1866, 2024.

S. Z. Sekhi, “The ways of reducing the degradation of optical signals and study the effect of the degradation on the quality of optical fiber communication systems,” Engineering and Technology Journal, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 2198-2211, 2015, doi: 10.30684/etj.2015.116238.

G. Vasu, K. V. S. Santosh, and G. Sandeep, "Reduction of large scale linear dynamic SISO and MIMO systems using differential evolution optimization algorithm," 2012 IEEE Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, pp. 1-6, 2012.

T. H. Harahap et al., “A New Commodity Distribution Approach Based on Asymmetric Traveler Salesman Using Ant Colony Algorithm,” Industrial Engineering & Management Systems, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 538546, 2022, doi: 10.7232/iems.2022.21.3.538.

A. Toktas, D. Ustun, and S. Carbas, "Implementation of Flower Pollination Algorithm to the Design Optimization of Planar Antennas," Applications of Flower Pollination Algorithm and its Variants, pp. 61-85, 2021, doi: 10.1007/978-981-33-6104-1_4.

C. B. Vishwakarma and R. Prasad, “Clustering method for reducing order of linear system using Pade approximation,” IEEE Journal of Research, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 326-330, 2008.

K. Jagatheesan et al., “Application of flower pollination algorithm in load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power system with nonlinearity,” Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 28, pp. 475 488, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00521-016-2361-1.

Z. N. Mahmood, H. Al-Khazraji, S. M. Mahdi, “PID-Based Enhanced Flower Pollination Algorithm Controller for Drilling Process in a Composite Material,” Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux Journal, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 91-96, 2023, doi: 10.18280/acsm.470205.

A. O. Shuaib and Mu. Mohamed Ahmed, “Robust PID Control System Design Using ITAE Performance Index (DC Motor Model),” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 15060–15067, 2014.

M. E. Çimen, Z. B. Garip, and A. F. Boz, “Chaotic flower pollination algorithm based optimal PID controller design for a buck converter,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 281-298, May 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10470-020-01751-5.

J. Mohanty, P. pattanayak, A. Nandi, K. L. Baishnab, F. A. Talukdar, “Binary flower pollination algorithm-based user scheduling for multiuser MIMO systems,” Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1317-1336, 2022.

D. Potnuru, K. A. Mary, and C. S. Babu, “Experimental implementation of Flower Pollination Algorithm for speed controller of a BLDC motor,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp 287-295, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2018.07.005 .

T. Sudha and D. Subbulekshmi, “Flower pollination optimization based PID controller tuning scheme with robust stabilization of gain scheduled CSTR,” Wseas Transactions on Heat and Mass Transfer, pp. 1-10, 2020, doi: 10.37394/232012.2020.15.a025103-883.

S. A. Eissa, S. W. Shneen, and E. H. Ali, “Flower Pollination Algorithm to Tune PID Controller of TCP/AQM Wireless Networks,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 149-156, 2023, doi: 10.18196/jrc.v4i2.17533.

Z. B. Abdullah, S. W. Shneen, and H. S. Dakheel, “Simulation model of PID controller for DC servo motor at variable and constant speed by using MATLAB,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 54-59, 2023, doi: 10.18196/jrc.v4i1.15866.

A. Chatterjee and P. Siarry, “Nonlinear inertia weight variation for dynamic adaptation in particle swarm optimization,” Computers & Operations Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 859–871, 2006.

A. J. Attiya, S. W. Shneen, B. A. Abbas, and Y. Wenyu, “Variable speed control using fuzzy-pid controller for two-phase hybrid stepping motor in robotic grinding,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 102-118, 2016.

Z. A. A. Alyasseri, A. T. Khader, M. A. Al-Betar, M. A. Awadallah, and X. S. Yang, “Variants of the flower pollination algorithm: a review,” Nature-Inspired Algorithms and Applied Optimization, pp. 91-118, 2017, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-67669-2_5.

A. A. M. Fadzli, M. S. Hadi, R. T. P. Eek, M. H. A. Talib, H. M. Yatim, and I. Z. M. Darus, “PID Controller Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm of Flexible BeamSystem,” Recent Trends in Mechatronics Towards Industry, pp. 173–183, 2022.

L. M. Revuelta and P. C. Higuera, “A new flower pollination algorithm for equalization in synchronous DS/CDMA multiuser communication systems,” Soft Computing, vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 13069-13083, 2020.

J. Mohanty et al., "MIMO broadcast scheduling using binary spider monkey optimization algorithm," International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 34, no. 17, p. e4975, 2021.

J. Zhu, G. Chen, P. Gao, P. Xiao, Z. Lin, and A. Quddus, “Index Modulation for Fluid Antenna-Assisted MIMO Communications: System Design and Performance Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 9701-9713, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2024.3364712.

Downloads

Published

2025-03-11

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 suad ali, salam waley shneen, Manal Khadim

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: 

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

 

This journal is based on the work at https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jrc under license from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free to:

  1. Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
  2. Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even comercially.

The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms, which include the following:

  1. Attribution. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  2. ShareAlike. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
  3. No additional restrictions. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

 

• Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)

Creative Commons License
JRC is licensed under an International License