Design of a Novel Observer-Based SMC for WECS System Using PMSG to Obtain Maximum Energy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v6i2.25990Keywords:
Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), Permanent Magnet Syschronous (PMSG), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), Nonlinear Disturbance Observer (NDOB), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)Abstract
This paper studies and proposes a new sliding mode controller (SMC) for a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generator (PMSG) to harvest maximum energy when the wind speed changes. In addition, the paper introduces a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB) to estimate the actual wind speed, to provide input to the proposed controller that the authors have studied. The control scheme proposed in this study not only considers the changes in the system parameters, but also considers the randomness of the wind speed changes. The effectiveness of the new SMC design and control scheme is demonstrated by simulation results on Matlab/Simulink software. These results are shown in the change of wind speed deformation, wind deformations that the turbine receives, turbulence assessment, the observer also estimated the non-snow parameters, the system also takes into account maximum power point tracking (MPPT), always consistent with the proposed control law. Moreover, the research results also show that the system works stably, the output is always close to the set value, the system works with high quality, thereby proving that the research results have been studied by the authors are suitable, bringing great benefits in the control process.
References
V. Utkin, J. Guldner, and J. Shi, Sliding Mode Control in Electro-Mechanical Systems, CRC Press, 2017.
J. Pyrhönen, V. Hrabovcová, and R. S. Semken, Electrical Machine Drives Control: An introduction, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2016.
IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, IEA, 2020.
M. Steinberger, M. Horn, and L. Fridman, Variable-Structure Systems and Sliding-Mode Control, Control Engineering: MATLAB Exercises, 2021.
L. Keviczky, R. Bars, J. Hetthéssy, and C. Bányász, Control Engineering: MATLAB Exercises, Publishing by Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, USA, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8321-1_1.
H. Wang, P. X. Liu, X. Xie, X. Liu, T. Hayat, and F. E. Alsaadi, “Adaptive fuzzy asymptotical tracking control of nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics and quantized actuator,” Information Sciences, vol. 575, pp. 779-792, 2021.
M. R. Msukwa, E. W. Nshama, and N. Uchiyama, "Adaptive Sliding Mode Control With Feedforward Compensator for Energy-Efficient and High-Speed Precision Motion of Feed Drive Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 43571-43581, 2020.
E. M. Youness, “Implementation and validation of backstepping control for PMSG wind turbine using dSPACE controller board,” Energy Reports, vol. 5, pp. 807-821, 2019.
F. Bakhshande, R. Bach, and D. Söffker, “Robust control of a hydraulic cylinder using an observer-based sliding mode control: Theoretical development and experimental validation,” Control Engineering Practice, vol. 95, p. 104272, 2020.
Y. Mousavi, A. Zarei, and Z. S. J. Mousavi, “Robust adaptive fractional-order nonsingular terminal sliding mode stabilization of three-axis gimbal platforms,” ISA transactions, vol. 123, p. 98-109, 2022.
O. Mofid and S. Mobayen, “Robust fractional-order sliding mode tracker for quad-rotor UAVs: event-triggered adaptive backstepping approach under disturbance and uncertainty,” Aerospace Science and Technology, vol. 146, p. 108916, 2024.
T. D. Chuyen and L. T. T. Hoa, “Improving control quality of win electrical drive system based on intelligent controllers using brushless dc permanent magnet generator,” TNU Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 226, no. 16, pp. 29-37, 2021.
H. B. Huu, B. D. Thanh, T. D. Chuyen, and V. D. Quoc, “Analytical Comparison of Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Inner and Outer Rotor Configurations,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 2105-2114, 2024.
T. D. Chuyen et al., “Improving control quality of PMSM drive systems based on adaptive fuzzy sliding control method,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol 13, no 2, pp. 835-845, 2022.
L. Ovalle, A. Gonzalez, L. Fridman, S. Laghrouche, and H. Obeid, “Analysis of barrier function based adaptive sliding mode control in the presence of deterministic noise,” Automatica, vol. 171, p. 111946, 2025.
K. A. Alattas et al., “Barrier function adaptive nonsingular terminal sliding mode control approach for quad-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 909, 2022.
M. E. Mahfoud, B. Bossoufi, N. E. Ouanjli, M. Said, and M. Taoussi, “Improved Direct Torque Control of Doubly Fed Induction Motor Using Space Vector Modulation,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 177-188, 2021.
I. E. Kararoui and M. Maaroufi, “Fuzzy sliding mode power control for wind power generation systems connected to the grid,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 606-619, 2022.
J. Pande, P. Nasikkar, K. Kotecha, and V. Varadarajan, “A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 1187, 2021.
B. Majout et al., “Improvement of PMSG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System Using Developed Sliding Mode Control,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 1625, 2022.
A. Kashaganova, K. Suleimenov, S. Sagnaeva, and T. D. Do, “Maximum power tracking for wind energy conversion systems via a high-order optimal disturbance observer-based LQR without a wind speed sensor,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 45, p. 101472, 2023.
A. M. Osman and F. Alsokhiry, "Sliding Mode Control for Grid Integration of Wind Power System Based on Direct Drive PMSG," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 26567-26579, 2022.
V. -P. Vu et al., "Polynomial Observer-Based Controller Synthesis and Fault-Tolerant Control for Tracking Optimal Power of Wind Energy Conversion Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 150130-150141, 2020.
C. D. Cruz-Ancona, L. Fridman, H. Obeid, S. Laghrouche, and C. A. Pérez-Pinacho, “A uniform reaching phase strategy in adaptive sliding mode control,” Automatica, vol. 150, p. 110854, 2023.
X. Shen et al., "Adaptive Second-Order Sliding Mode Control for Grid-Connected NPC Converters With Enhanced Disturbance Rejection," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 206-220, 2022.
B. Majout, D. Abrahmi, Y. Ihedrane, C. E. Bakkali, K. Mohammed, and B. Bossoufi, “Improvement of sliding mode power control applied to wind system based on doubly-fed induction generator,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 441-452, 2021.
D. Zholtayev, M. Rubagotti, and T. D. Do, “Adaptive super-twisting sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of PMSG-based wind energy conversion systems,” Renewable Energy, vol. 183, pp. 877–889, 2022.
Y. Xie et al., “Coupled fractional-order sliding mode control and obstacleavoidance of a four-wheeled steerable mobile robot,” ISA Transactions, vol. 108, pp. 282–294, 2021.
R. Shi and X. Zhang, “Adaptive Fractional-order Non-singular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control Based on Fixed Time Observer,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 236, pp. 7006–7016, 2022.
K. Adamiak, “Chattering-Free Reference Sliding Variable-Based SMC,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2020, pp. 1–6, 2020.
B. Kharabian and H. Mirinejad, "Hybrid Sliding Mode/H-Infinity Control Approach for Uncertain Flexible Manipulators," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 170452-170460, 2020.
T. H. Nguyen, T. T. Nguyen, V. Q. Nguyen, K. M. Le, H. N. Tran, and J. W. Jeon, "An Adaptive Sliding-Mode Controller With a Modified Reduced-Order Proportional Integral Observer for Speed Regulation of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 7181-7191, 2022.
H. Benbouhenni, Z. Boudjema, N. Bizon, P. Thounthong, and N. Takorabet, “Direct Power Control Based on Modified Sliding Mode Controller for a Variable-Speed Multi-Rotor Wind Turbine System Using PWM Strategy,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 3689, 2022.
J. Ji, S. Jin, W. Zhao, D. Xu, L. Huang, and X. Qiu, "Simplified Three-Vector-Based Model Predictive Direct Power Control for Dual Three-Phase PMSG," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 1145-1155, 2022.
X. Zhou, M. Liu, Y. Ma, and S. Wen, "Improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Control Considering Bus Voltage Filtering in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 19982-19996, 2020.
H. E. Aissaoui, A. E. Ougli, and B. Tidhaf, “Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Wind Energy Conversion System,” Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, pp. 586-592, 2021.
Y. Wang, Y. Zhu, X. Zhang, B. Tian, K. Wang, and J. Liang, "Antidisturbance Sliding Mode-Based Deadbeat Direct Torque Control for PMSM Speed Regulation System," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 2705-2714, 2021.
Y. Wang, Y. Feng, X. Zhang, and J. Liang, "A New Reaching Law for Antidisturbance Sliding-Mode Control of PMSM Speed Regulation System," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 4117-4126, 2020.
S. Yin and X. Wang, "Super Twisting Control Design for HSPMSG Voltage Stabilization Based on Disturbance Observation Compensation," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1387-1395, 2023.
Q. Hou, S. Ding, and X. Yu, "Composite Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control Design for PMSM Speed Regulation Problem Based on a Novel Disturbance Observer," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 2591-2599, 2021.
Q. Pan, J. Fei, and Y. Xue, "Adaptive Intelligent Super-Twisting Control of Dynamic System," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 42396-42403, 2022.
I. Jlassi and A. J. Marques Cardoso, "Enhanced and Computationally Efficient Model Predictive Flux and Power Control of PMSG Drives for Wind Turbine Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 6574-6583, 2021.
T. Li, L. Tao, and B. Xu, “Linear parameter varying observer-based adaptive dynamic surface sliding mode control for PMSM,” Mathematics, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1219, 2024.
K. Ullah, J. Guzinski, and A. F. Mirza, “Critical Review on Robust Speed Control Techniques for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) Speed Regulation,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 1235, 2022.
I. Djelamda and I. Bouchareb, “Field-oriented control based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for PMSM dedicated to electric vehicle,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1892-1901, 2022.
C. Xie, J. Wu, Z. Guo, Y. Wang, and J. Liu, “Sensorless control of vehicle-mounted PMSM based on improved sliding mode observer,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021.
K. Mei and S. Ding, "Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller Design Subject to an Upper-Triangular Structure," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 497-507, 2021.
Z. Liu and W. Chen, “Research on an improved sliding mode observer for speed estimation in permanent magnet synchronous motor,” Processes, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 1182, 2022.
H. Yang, J. W. Tang, and Y. R. Chien, “Application of new sliding mode control in vector control of PMSM,” IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 19, no. 13, p. 20220156, 2022.
S. Kuppusamy and Y. H. Joo, "Memory-Based Integral Sliding-Mode Control for T–S Fuzzy Systems With PMSM via Disturbance Observer," IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2457-2465, 2021.
N. Z. Laabidine, B. Bossoufi, I. E. Kafazi, C. E. Bekkali, and N. E. Ouanjli, “Robust Adaptive Super Twisting Algorithm Sliding Mode Control of a Wind System Based on the PMSG Generator,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 14, p. 792, 2023.
A. Larbaoui, D. E. Chaouch, B. Belabbes, and M. Razkallah, “Application of passivity-based and sliding mode control of permanent magnet synchronous motor under controlled voltage,” Journal of Vibration and Control, vol. 28, no. 11-12, pp. 1267–1278, 2022.
P. Zhu, Y. Chen, and M. Li, “Terminal sliding mode control of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on the reaching law,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, vol. 234, no. 7, pp. 849-859, 2020.
J. Wang, Y. Wu, C. L. P. Chen, Z. Liu, and W. Wu, “Adaptive PI event-triggered control for MIMO nonlinear systems with input delay,” Information Sciences, vol. 677, p. 120817, 2024.
J. Song, Y. -K. Wang, Y. Niu, H. -K. Lam, S. He, and H. Liu, "Periodic Event-Triggered Terminal Sliding Mode Speed Control for Networked PMSM System: A GA-Optimized Extended State Observer Approach," IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 4153-4164, 2022.
C. Wang, J. Liu, J. Han, Z. Zhang, and M. Jiang, "Analysis of Bidirectional Magnetic Field Modulation on Concentrated Winding Spoke-Type PM Machines," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 6076-6086, 2024.
B. Chen, J. Hu, Y. Zhao, and B. K. Ghosh, “Finite-time observer based tracking control of uncertain heterogeneous underwater vehicles using adaptive sliding mode approach,” Neurocomputing, vol. 481, pp. 322–332, 2022.
S. E. Rhaili, A. Abbou, S. Marhraoui, N. E. Hichami, and R. Moutchou, “Optimal Power Generation Control of 5-Phase PMSG Based WECS by Using Enhanced Fuzzy Fractional Order SMC,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 572–583, 2022.
N. A. N. Aldin, W. S. E. Abdellatif, Z. M. S. Elbarbary, A. I. Omar, and M. M. Mahmoud, "Robust Speed Controller for PMSG Wind System Based on Harris Hawks Optimization via Wind Speed Estimation: A Real Case Study," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 5929-5943, 2023.
J. Tan, K. Zhang, B. Li, and A. -G. Wu, "Event-Triggered Sliding Mode Control for Spacecraft Reorientation With Multiple Attitude Constraints," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 6031-6043, 2023.
Q. Rong et al., "Asymmetric Sampling Disturbance-Based Universal Impedance Measurement Method for Converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 15457-15461, 2024.
J. Lv, X. Ju, and C. Wang, “Neural network prescribed-time observer-based output-feedback control for uncertain pure-feedback nonlinear systems,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 264, p. 125813, 2025.
A. Mohammadzadeh, H. Taghavifar, C. Zhang, K. A. Alattas, J. Liu, and M. T. Vu, “A non-linear fractional-order type-3 fuzzy control for enhanced path-tracking performance of autonomous cars,” IET Control Theory & Applications, vol. 18, pp. 40-54, 2024.
X. Yu, Y. Feng, and Z. Man, "Terminal Sliding Mode Control – An Overview," IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society, vol. 2, pp. 36-52, 2021.
H. Ahn, S. Kim, J. Park, Y. Chung, M. Hu, and K. You, “Adaptive Quick Sliding Mode Reaching Law and Disturbance Observer for Robust PMSM Control Systems,” Actuators, vol. 13, no.4, p. 136, 2024.
H. H. H. Mousa, A. R. Youssef, and E. E. Mohamed, “Performance Assessment of Speed Controllers for Five-Phase PMSG with Integrated P&O MPPT Algorithms Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” SVU-International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Applications, vol. 3, pp. 58–67, 2022.
C. Dang, F. Wang, D. Liu, X. Tong, and W. Song, “Sliding mode predictive control of Vienna rectifier based on optimal vector synthesis,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 42, no. 23, pp. 8699-8708, 2022.
K. Mathew K, D. M. Abraham, and A. Harish, “Speed regulation of PMSM drive in electric vehicle applications with sliding mode controller based on harris Hawks optimization,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 9, p. 100643, 2024.
K. Mathew K and D. M. Abraham, “Particle swarm optimization based sliding mode controllers for electric vehicle onboard charger, Comput. Electric,” Advances in Electrical Engineering, vol. 96, p. 107502, 2021.
F. Liu, X. Wang, and Z. Xing, "Design of a 35 kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Equipped With Non-Uniform Air Gap Rotor," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 1184-1198, 2023.
B. Sarsembayev, K. Suleimenov, and T. D. Do, "High Order Disturbance Observer Based PI-PI Control System With Tracking Anti-Windup Technique for Improvement of Transient Performance of PMSM," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 66323-66334, 2021.
X. Liu and H. Yu, “Continuous adaptive integral-type sliding mode control based on disturbance observer for pmsm drives,” Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 1429–1441, 2021.
T. Yang, Y. Deng, H. Li, Z. Sun, H. Cao, and Z. Wei, “Fast integral terminal sliding mode control with a novel disturbance observer based on iterative learning for speed control of pmsm,” ISA Transactions, vol. 134, pp. 460-471, 2022.
L. Feng, M. Deng, S. Xu, and D. Huang, "Speed Regulation for PMSM Drives Based on a Novel Sliding Mode Controller," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 63577-63584, 2020.
R. Sinha and H. Misra, "Control of PMSM driven Electric Vehicle for Indian Drive Cycle," 2021 National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC), pp. 01-06, 2021.
Y. Zhao, X. Liu, H. Yu, and J. Yu, “Model‐free adaptive discrete‐time integral terminal sliding mode control for PMSM drive system with disturbance observer,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1756-1765, 2020.
K. Mathew K and D. M. Abraham, “Sliding mode controller with disturbance rejection for bidirectional transformerless ac/dc converter in ev onboard charger,” Electric Power Components Systems, vol. 51, no, 14, pp. 1367-1384, 2023.
S. Mishra, A. Varshney, B. Singh and H. Parveen, "Driving-Cycle-Based Modeling and Control of Solar-Battery-Fed Reluctance Synchronous Motor Drive for Light Electric Vehicle With Energy Regeneration," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 6666-6675, 2022.
B. Jakovljevi´c, P. Lino, and G. Maione, “Control of double-loop permanent magnet synchronous motor drives by optimized fractional and distributed-order pid controllers,” European Journal of Control, vol. 58, pp. 232–244, 2021.
I. Qureshi and V. Sharma, “Analysis of different control schemes of pmsm motor and also a comparison of fopi and pi controller for sensorless msvpwmm scheme,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 6, p. 100359, 2023.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dang Quoc Du, Tran Duc Chuyen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This journal is based on the work at https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jrc under license from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free to:
- Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even comercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms, which include the following:
- Attribution. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- ShareAlike. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
• Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
JRC is licensed under an International License
