A Software-Centric Evaluation of the VEINS Framework in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Jalal Mohammed Hachim Altmemi; Faris K. AL-Shammri; Zainab Marid Alzamili; ‪Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda‬‏; Mohammed Amin Almaiah; Rami Shehab; Md Asri Bin Ngadi; Abdulaziz Zaid A. Aljarwan

doi:10.18196/jrc.v6i2.25839

Authors

Jalal Mohammed Hachim Altmemi Southern Technical University
Faris K. AL-Shammri University of Warith Al Anbiyaa
Zainab Marid Alzamili Education Directorate of Thi-Qar
‪Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda‬‏ Southern Technical University
Mohammed Amin Almaiah The University of Jordan
Rami Shehab King Faisal University
Md Asri Bin Ngadi Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Abdulaziz Zaid A. Aljarwan University of Hail

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v6i2.25839

Keywords:

Software-Centric Evaluation, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), OMNeT /VEINS Framework, Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs), Network Simulation, Traffic Modeling

Abstract

The Large Communication Substitution between vehicles to infrastructure (V2I) or between vehicles (V2V), called as Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), in new Tale Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are degree and stop developing for extensive traffic manage, highway safety, and driverless cars. VEINS is a simulator framework that couples OMNeT++ and SUMO, widely used for assessing performance of VANET protocols and network architectures. However, it was observed that no existing research reviewed VEINS applications, limitations, or emerging trends in a structured manner. In this paper we provide a software-oriented summary of VEINS-based VANET studies. This research adds a taxonomy-oriented classification of studies published from 2011 to 2022, focusing on IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Scopus categorized security, safety, and other VANET applications. It identifies some gaps, right from the scalability, and computational overhead aspect to the limited integration of the next-generation technologies like 5G, Blockchain, and AI. A well-defined article selection strategy, extensive data extraction, and a comparative analysis of published VEINS studies is followed throughout the study. Statistical analyses show a growing percentage of VEINS but also point out obstacles to its real world usage. Key Insights point to an emphasis on security and safety, with little focus on emerging technologies and real-world validations. This review adds value to the body of knowledge by (1) establishing a systematic taxonomy of VEINS-based research, (2) highlighting gaps in research and methodological limits, and (3) providing future research directions focused on VEINS scalability enhancement, real-world validation frameworks, and AI-enabled VANET optimizations. The study is expected to be a useful reference for researchers and practitioners who intend to improve VEINS-based simulations of VANETs and accelerate development in the field of ITS.

References

A. A. Abbood, F. K. AL-Shammri, Z. M. Alzamili, M. A. Al-Shareeda, M. A. Almaiah, and R. AlAli, “Investigating quantum-resilient security mechanisms for flying ad-hoc networks (fanets),” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 456–469, 2025.

H. Zhang and M. Li, “Towards an intelligent and automatic irrigation system based on internet of things with authentication feature in vanet,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 88, 2025.

R. S. Mousa and R. Shehab, “Applying risk analysis for determining threats and countermeasures in workstation domain,” Journal of Cyber Security and Risk Auditing, vol. 2025, no. 1, pp. 12–21, 2025.

A. Alshuaibi, M. Almaayah, and A. Ali, “Machine learning for cybersecurity issues: A systematic review,” Journal of Cyber Security and Risk Auditing, vol. 2025, no. 1, pp. 36–46, 2025.

N. H. Hussein et al., “SDN-Based VANET Routing: A Comprehensive Survey on Architectures, Protocols, Analysis, and Future Challenges,” in IEEE Access, 2024.

M. M. Hamdi, A. S. Mustafa, H. F. Mahd, M. S. Abood, C. Kumar and M. A. Al-shareeda, “Performance Analysis of QoS in MANET based on IEEE 802.11b,” 2020 IEEE International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON), pp. 1-5, 2020.

M. A. Al-Shareeda, M. Anbar, S. Manickam, A. Khalil and I. H. Hasbullah, “Security and Privacy Schemes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network With Identity-Based Cryptography Approach: A Survey,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 121522-121531, 2021.

M. A. Al-Shareeda et al., “Cm-cppa: Chaotic map-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme in 5g-enabled vehicular networks,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 13, 2022.

E. Altulaihan, M. A. Almaiah, and A. Aljughaiman, “Cybersecurity threats, countermeasures and mitigation techniques on the iot: Future research directions,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 20, 2022.

M. AlMarshoud, M. Sabir Kiraz, and A. H. Al-Bayatti, “Security, privacy, and decentralized trust management in vanets: a review of current research and future directions,” ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 1–39, 2024.

Z. Hou, R. He, S. Wan, and C. Dai, “Optimization of passenger and freight co-transportation schemes based on virtual formation for large and small interchanges in airport railway lines,” IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 1820–1832, 2024.

S. Park, “A basic guide to network simulation using omnet++,” Journal of Internet Computing and Services, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2024.

A. Bawa and M. N. Nwohu, “Investigating the penetration rate of electric vehicle in developing countries: Nigeria as a case study,” in Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS), pp. 1–5, 2023.

V. Syla, A. Lala, and A. Biberaj, “Vanet security and privacy–an overview,” EIRP Proceedings, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 414–423, 2024.

M. Al Shareeda, A. Khalil and W. Fahs, “Towards the Optimization of Road Side Unit Placement Using Genetic Algorithm,” 2018 International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), pp. 1-5, 2018.

W. Arellano and I. Mahgoub, “TrafficModeler extensions: A case for rapid VANET simulation using, OMNET++, SUMO, and VEINS,” 2013 High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging/Enabling Technologies, pp. 109-115, 2013.

C. Sommer, D. Eckhoff, A. Brummer, D. S. Buse, F. Hagenauer, S. Joerer, and M. Segata, “Veins: The open source vehicular network simulation framework,” in Recent advances in network simulation, pp. 215–252, 2019.

Z. Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi et al., “Oblivious Transfer-Based Authentication and Privacy-Preserving Protocol for 5G-Enabled Vehicular Fog Computing,” in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 100152-100166, 2024.

Y.-e. Hou, L. Dang, H. Ma, and C. Zhang, “A selection hyper-heuristic for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem considering carbon emission,” Engineering Letters, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 2002–2011, 2024.

A. A. Almazroi, E. A. Aldhahri, M. A. Al-Shareeda, and S. Manickam, “Eca-vfog: An efficient certificateless authentication scheme for 5gassisted vehicular fog computing,” Plos one, vol. 18, no. 6, 2023.

Z. Li, H. Hou, Z. Zhang, B. Guo, Y. Song, and Z. Liu, “Analysis of vehicle ride comfort and parameter optimization of hydro-pneumatic suspension for heavy duty mining vehicle,” Engineering Letters, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 2145–2152, 2024.

A. A. Abbood et al., “Benchmarking bilinear pair cryptography for resource-constrained platforms using raspberry pi,” WSEA Transactions on Infomation Science and Applications, vol. 2022, pp. 245–257, 2025.

M. A. Al-Shareeda and S. Manickam, “A systematic literature review on security of vehicular ad-hoc network (vanet) based on veins framework,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 46 218–46 228, 2023.

Z. Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi et al., “Integrating Safety in VANETs: A Taxonomy and Systematic Review of VEINS Models,” in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 148935-148960, 2024.

B. A. Mohammed, M. A. Al-Shareeda, A. A. Alsadhan, Z. G. AlMekhlafi, A. A. Sallam, B. A. Al-Qatab, M. T. Alshammari, and A. M. Alayba, “Service based veins framework for vehicular adhoc network (vanet): A systematic review of state-of-the-art,” Peer-toPeer Networking and Applications, vol. 17, pp. 2259–2281, 2024.

M. A. Al-Shareeda, M. Anbar, S. Manickam and A. A. Yassin, “VPPCS: VANET-Based Privacy-Preserving Communication Scheme,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 150914-150928, 2020.

J. Santhosh and S. Sankaran, “Defending against Sybil Attacks in Vehicular Platoons,” 2019 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), pp. 1-6, 2019.

A. Shan, X. Fan, C. Wu and X. Zhang, “Quantitative Study on Impact of Static/Dynamic Selfishness on Network Performance in VANETs,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 13186-13197, 2021.

C. A. Kerrache, A. Lakas and N. Lagraa, “Detection of intelligent malicious and selfish nodes in VANET using threshold adaptive control,” 2016 5th International Conference on Electronic Devices, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA), pp. 1-4, 2016.

D. Kosmanos, A. Pappas, L. Maglaras, S. Moschoyiannis, F. J. AparicioNavarro, A. Argyriou, and H. Janicke, “A novel intrusion detection system against spoofing attacks in connected electric vehicles,” Array, vol. 5, 2020.

I. Saini, S. Saad, and A. Jaekel, “Speed based attacker placement for evaluating location privacy in vanet,” in International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks, pp. 215–224, 2019.

M. Zhou, L. Han, H. Lu, and C. Fu, “Distributed collaborative intrusion detection system for vehicular ad hoc networks based on invariant,” Computer Networks, vol. 172, 2020.

F. Ahmad, A. Adnane, V. N. Franqueira, F. Kurugollu, and L. Liu, “Man-in-the-middle attacks in vehicular ad-hoc networks: Evaluating the impact of attackers’ strategies,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 11, 2018.

K. M. Sai, B. B. Gupta, F. Colace, and K. T. Chui, “A lightweight anomaly based ddos flood attack detection for internet of vehicles,” International Conference on Smart Systems and Advanced Computing, 2020.

I. Saini, S. Saad, and A. Jaekel, “Identifying vulnerabilities and attacking capabilities against pseudonym changing schemes in vanet,” in International Conference on Intelligent, Secure, and Dependable Systems in Distributed and Cloud Environments, vol. 11317, pp. 1–15. 2018.

K. Sharshembiev, S. -M. Yoo, Y. -K. Kim and G. -H. Jeong, “Optimal Threshold Analysis for Triggering Fail-Safe Mechanism in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), pp. 344-350, 2019.

M. Babaghayou, N. Labraoui, A. A. A. Ari, M. A. Ferrag and L. Maglaras, “The Impact of the Adversary’s Eavesdropping Stations on the Location Privacy Level in Internet of Vehicles,” 2020 5th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CECNSM), pp. 1-6, 2020.

I. Saini, B. St Amour, and A. Jaekel, “Intelligent adversary placements for privacy evaluation in vanet,” Information, vol. 11, no. 9, 2020.

L. Ming et al., “A General Testing Framework Based on Veins for Securing VANET Applications,” 2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation, pp. 2068-2073, 2018.

K. Sharshembiev, S. -M. Yoo and E. Elmahdi, “Broadcast storm mitigation from unintentional misbehavior in vehicular ad hoc networks,” 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), pp. 925-930, 2018.

W. Ahmed, W. Di, and D. Mukathe, “Privacy-preserving blockchainbased authentication and trust management in vanets,” IET Networks, vol. 11, no. 3-4, pp. 89–111, 2022.

S. A. George, S. M. Stephen, and A. Jaekel, “Blockchain-based pseudonym management scheme for vehicular communication,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 13, 2021.

D. Chulerttiyawong and A. Jamalipour, “A Blockchain Assisted Vehicular Pseudonym Issuance and Management System for Conditional Privacy Enhancement,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 127305-127319, 2021.

A. Alharthi, Q. Ni and R. Jiang, “A Privacy-Preservation Framework Based on Biometrics Blockchain (BBC) to Prevent Attacks in VANET,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 87299-87309, 2021.

S. A. George, A. Jaekel and I. Saini, “Secure Identity Management Framework for Vehicular Ad-hoc Network using Blockchain,” 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), pp. 1-6, 2020.

M. Awais Hassan, U. Habiba, U. Ghani, and M. Shoaib, “A secure message-passing framework for inter-vehicular communication using blockchain,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 15, no. 2, 2019.

K. Sharshembiev, S.-M. Yoo, and E. Elmahdi, “Protocol misbehavior detection framework using machine learning classification in vehicular ad hoc networks,” Wireless Networks, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 2103–2118, 2021.

Y. Xia, L. Wu, Z. Wang, X. Zheng and J. Jin, “Cluster-Enabled Cooperative Scheduling Based on Reinforcement Learning for High-Mobility Vehicular Networks,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 12664-12678, 2020.

G. R. Reddy and R. Ramanathan, “Performance analysis of clustering for message classification and congestion control in dsrc/wave-based vehicular ad-hoc networks,” International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 55–77, 2019.

P. Sharma, Hong Liu, Honggang Wang and Shelley Zhang, “Securing wireless communications of connected vehicles with artificial intelligence,” 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), pp. 1-7, 2017.

R. P. Nayak, S. Sethi, S. K. Bhoi, D. Mohapatra, R. R. Sahoo, P. K. Sharma, and D. Puthal, “Tfmd-sdvn: a trust framework for misbehavior detection in the edge of software-defined vehicular network,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 78, pp. 7948–7981, 2022.

M. Mao, P. Yi, T. Hu, Z. Zhang, X. Lu, and J. Lei, “Hierarchical hybrid trust management scheme in sdn-enabled vanets,” Mobile Information Systems, vol. 2021, 2021.

R. P. Nayak, S. Sethi, S. K. Bhoi, K. S. Sahoo, N. Jhanjhi, T. A. Tabbakh, and Z. A. Almusaylim, “Tbddosa-md: Trust-based ddos misbehave detection approach in software-defined vehicular network (sdvn),” CMCComputers, Materials & Continua, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 3513–3529, 2021.

N. Bagheri, S. Yousefi and G. Ferrari, “Software-defined Control of Emergency Vehicles in Smart Cities,” 2020 10th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE), pp. 519-524, 2020.

M. S. Rayeni and A. Hafid, “Routing in heterogeneous vehicular networks using an adapted software defined networking approach,” 2018 Fifth International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS), pp. 25-31, 2018.

A. Kazmi, M. A. Khan and M. U. Akram, “DeVANET: Decentralized Software-Defined VANET Architecture,” 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering Workshop (IC2EW), pp. 42-47, 2016.

S. Guntuka, E. M. Shakshuki, A. Yasar, and H. Gharrad, “Vehicular data offloading by road-side units using intelligent software defined network,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 177, pp. 151–161, 2020.

M. Babaghayou, N. Labraoui, A. A. Abba Ari, M. A. Ferrag, L. Maglaras, and H. Janicke, “Whisper: A location privacy-preserving scheme using transmission range changing for internet of vehicles,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 7, 2021.

W. Bouksani and B. A. Bensaber, “Rin: A dynamic pseudonym change system for privacy in vanet,” Concurrency and computation: Practice and Experience, vol. 31, no. 24, 2019.

M. Babaghayou and N. Labraoui, “Transmission Range Adjustment Influence on Location Privacy-Preserving Schemes in VANETs,” 2019 International Conference on Networking and Advanced Systems (ICNAS), pp. 1-6, 2019.

F. Zidani, F. Semchedine, and M. Ayaida, “Estimation of neighbors position privacy scheme with an adaptive beaconing approach for location privacy in vanets,” Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 71, pp. 359–371, 2018.

W. Bouksani and B. A. Bensaber, “An efficient and dynamic pseudonyms change system for privacy in VANET,” 2017 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), pp. 59-63, 2017.

A. Boualouache, S. -M. Senouci and S. Moussaoui, “Towards an Efficient Pseudonym Management and Changing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks,” 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1-7, 2016.

M. Arif, J. Chen, G. Wang, O. Geman, and V. E. Balas, “Privacy preserving and data publication for vehicular trajectories with differential privacy,” Measurement, vol. 173, 2021.

P. K. Singh, S. N. Gowtham, S. Tamilselvan, and S. Nandi, “Cpesp: Cooperative pseudonym exchange and scheme permutation to preserve location privacy in vanets,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 20, 2019.

G. Luo, M. Shi, C. Zhao, and Z. Shi, “Hash-chain-based cross-regional safety authentication for space-air-ground integrated vanets,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 12, 2020.

C. Zhao, M. Shi, M. Huang and X. Du, “Authentication Scheme Based on Hashchain for Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network,” ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-6, 2019.

Y. Xie, F. Xu, D. Li, and Y. Nie, “Efficient message authentication scheme with conditional privacy-preserving and signature aggregation for vehicular cloud network,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2018, 2018.

U. Rajput, F. Abbas, H. Eun and H. Oh, “A Hybrid Approach for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Authentication in VANET,” in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 12014-12030, 2017.

A. Bendouma and B. A. Bensaber, “RSU authentication by aggregation in VANET using an interaction zone,” 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-6, 2017.

S. M. Pournaghi, B. Zahednejad, M. Bayat, and Y. Farjami, “Necppa: A novel and efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vanet,” Computer Networks, vol. 134, pp. 78–92, 2018.

R. W. van der Heijden, A. Al-Momani, F. Kargl and O. M. F. AbuSharkh, “Enhanced Position Verification for VANETs Using Subjective Logic,” 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), pp. 1-7, 2016.

T. B. M. de Sales, A. Perkusich, L. M. de Sales, H. O. de Almeida, G. Soares, and M. de Sales, “Asap-v: A privacy-preserving authentication and sybil detection protocol for vanets,” Information Sciences, vol. 372, pp. 208–224, 2016.

L. M. Santos J and E. Moreira, “An evaluation of reputation with regard to the opportunistic forwarding of messages in vanets,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2019, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2019.

F. Boeira, M. Asplund, and M. Barcellos, “Decentralized proof of location in vehicular ad hoc networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 147, pp. 98–110, 2019.

I. A. Rai, R. A. Shaikh, and S. R. Hassan, “A self-reliant trust management model for vanets,” in Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference, vol. 3, pp. 738–748, 2020.

W. Benrhaiem and A. S. Hafid, “Bayesian networks based reliable broadcast in vehicular networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 21, 2020.

H. Kumar and D. Singh, “Smart Certificate Revocation List Exchange in VANET,” 2020 12th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), pp. 210-214, 2020.

N. Malik, P. Nanda, A. Arora, X. He and D. Puthal, “Blockchain Based Secured Identity Authentication and Expeditious Revocation Framework for Vehicular Networks,” 2018 17th IEEE International Conference On Trust, Security And Privacy In Computing And Communications/ 12th IEEE International Conference On Big Data Science And Engineering (TrustCom/BigDataSE), pp. 674-679, 2018.

S. Demmel, D. Gruyer, J.-M. Burkhardt, S. Glaser, G. Larue, O. Orfila, and A. Rakotonirainy, “Global risk assessment in an autonomous driving context: Impact on both the car and the driver,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 51, no. 34, pp. 390–395, 2019.

R. A. Shaikh and V. Thayananthan, “Risk-based decision methods for vehicular networks,” Electronics, vol. 8, no. 6, 2019.

E. K. Duarte, L. A. L. F. Da Costa, M. Erneberg, E. P. De Freitas, B. Bellalta and A. Vinel, “SafeSmart: A VANET System for Faster Responses and Increased Safety in Time-Critical Scenarios,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 151590-151606, 2021.

C. Iza-Paredes, A. M. Mezher, M. Aguilar Igartua, and J. Forne, “Game- ´ theoretical design of an adaptive distributed dissemination protocol for vanets,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 1, 2018.

B. A. Bensaber, C. G. P. Diaz, and Y. Lahrouni, “Design and modeling an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis) for the prediction of a security index in vanet,” Journal of Computational Science, vol. 47, 2020.

I. Elleuch, A. Makni, and R. Bouaziz, “Cooperative overtaking assistance system based on v2v communications and rtdb,” The Computer Journal, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 1426–1449, 2019.

S. Sreenath and M. Panda, “Traffic Counting and Turning Fraction Estimation using Vehicle-to-UAV Co-operative communication,” 2019 3rd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), pp. 675-681, 2019.

I. Elleuch, A. Makni, and R. Bouaziz, “Towards a cooperative intelligent system for unpredictable and predictable road hazard detection,” International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications, vol. 11, pp. 101–114, 2019.

W. Arellano, I. Mahgoub and M. Ilyas, “Veins extensions to implement a message based algorithm for Dynamic Traffic Assignment in VANETs simulations,” 2014 11th Annual High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging/Enabling Technologies (Photonics for Energy), pp. 29-35, 2014.

T. Petrov, M. Dado, P. Kortis and T. Kovacikova, “Evaluation of packet forwarding approaches for emergency vehicle warning application in VANETs,” 2018 ELEKTRO, pp. 1-5, 2018.

M. S. Rayeni, A. Hafid, and P. K. Sahu, “Dynamic spatial partition density-based emergency message dissemination in vanets,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 208–222, 2015.

H. Noori, “Modeling the impact of VANET-enabled traffic lights control on the response time of emergency vehicles in realistic large-scale urban area,” 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), pp. 526-531, 2013.

M. Aloqaily, H. Elayan and M. Guizani, “C-HealthIER: A Cooperative Health Intelligent Emergency Response System for C-ITS,” in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 2111-2121, 2023.

A. Ashish, R. Gandhiraj and M. Panda, “V2X Based Emergency Corridor for Safe and Fast Passage of Emergency Vehicle,” 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), pp. 1-7, 2021.

A. F. Santamaria, M. Tropea, P. Fazio, and F. De Rango, “Managing emergency situations in vanet through heterogeneous technologies cooperation,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 5, 2018.

B. Zardosht, S. Beauchemin and M. A. Bauer, “A decision making module for cooperative collision warning systems using Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks,” 16th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2013), pp. 1743-1749, 2013.

N. Chaabouni, A. Hafid and P. K. Sahu, “A collision-based beacon rate adaptation scheme(CBA) for VANETs,” 2013 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), pp. 1-6, 2013.

M. Di Felice, L. Bedogni, and L. Bononi, “Dynamic backbone for fast information delivery invehicular ad hoc networks: an evaluation study,” in Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks, pp. 1–8, 2011.

Joanne Mun-Yee Lim, Yoong Choon Chang, M. Y. Alias and J. Loo, “Cognitive VANET with enhanced priority scheme,” 2014 International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU), pp. 116- 121, 2014.

S. Schuhback, N. Daßler, L. Wischhof, and G. K ¨ oster, “Towards a bidi- ¨ rectional coupling of pedestrian dynamics and mobile communication simulation,” Proceedings of 6th International OM, vol. 66, pp. 60–67, 2019.

C. Suthaputchakun and Y. Cao, “Rescue Mission Enhancement through Ambulance-to- Vehicle Communications,” 2018 28th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC), pp. 1-6, 2018.

A. Boualouache, S.-M. Senouci, and S. Moussaoui, “Hpdm: A hybrid pseudonym distribution method for vehicular ad-hoc networks,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 83, pp. 377–384, 2016.

M. Motro, A. Chu, J. Choi, P. S. Lavieri, A. R. Pinjari, C. R. Bhat, J. Ghosh, and R. W. Heath Jr, “Vehicular ad-hoc network simulations of overtaking maneuvers on two-lane rural highways,” Transportation research part C: emerging technologies, vol. 72, pp. 60–76, 2016.

I. Saeed and M. Elhadef, “Performance Evaluation of an IoV-Based Intersection Traffic Control Approach,” 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pp. 1777- 1784, 2018.

I. Elleuch, A. Makni and R. Bouaziz, “Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Persistent System Based on V2V Communication and RealTime Databases,” 2017 IEEE/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), pp. 1082-1089, 2017.

G. Boquet, I. Pisa, J. L. Vicario, A. Morell, and J. Serrano, “Adaptive beaconing for rsu-based intersection assistance systems: Protocols analysis and enhancement,” Vehicular communications, vol. 14, pp. 1–14, 2018.

M. Contreras and E. Gamess, “An algorithm based on vanet technology to count vehicles stopped at a traffic light,” International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 122–139, 2020.

N. Cardenas-Ben ´ ´ıtez, R. Aquino-Santos, P. Magana-Espinoza, ˜ J. Aguilar-Velazco, A. Edwards-Block, and A. Medina Cass, “Traffic congestion detection system through connected vehicles and big data,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 5, 2016.

G. B. Araujo, M. M. Queiroz, F. d. L. P. Duarte-Figueiredo, A. I. J. ´ Tostes and A. A. F. Loureiro, “CARTIM: A proposal toward identification and minimization of vehicular traffic congestion for VANET,” 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), pp. 1-6, 2014.

Y. Xu, J. Wang, T. Liu, W. Yu and J. Xu, “Detecting Urban Road Condition and Disseminating Traffic Information by VANETs,” 2015 IEEE 12th Intl Conf on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and 2015 IEEE 12th Intl Conf on Autonomic and Trusted Computing and 2015 IEEE 15th Intl Conf on Scalable Computing and Communications and Its Associated Workshops (UIC-ATC-ScalCom), pp. 93-98, 2015.

V.-T. Ta and A. Dvir, “A secure road traffic congestion detection and notification concept based on v2i communications,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 25, 2020.

G. P. Rocha Filho, R. I. Meneguette, J. R. T. Neto, A. Valejo, L. Weigang, J. Ueyama, G. Pessin, and L. A. Villas, “Enhancing intelligence in traffic management systems to aid in vehicle traffic congestion problems in smart cities,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 107, 2020.

N. Aung, W. Zhang, K. Sultan, S. Dhelim, and Y. Ai, “Dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in smart cities,” Digital Communications and Networks, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 492–504, 2021.

M. T. Garip, M. E. Gursoy, P. Reiher and M. Gerla, “Scalable reactive vehicle-to-vehicle congestion avoidance mechanism,” 2015 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), pp. 943-948, 2015.

W. Zhang, N. Aung, S. Dhelim, and Y. Ai, “Diftos: A distributed infrastructure-free traffic optimization system based on vehicular ad hoc networks for urban environments,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 8, 2018.

S. A. Ali Shah, E. Ahmed, F. Xia, A. Karim, M. A. Qureshi, I. Ali, and R. Noor, “Coverage differentiation based adaptive tx-power for congestion and awareness control in vanets,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1194–1205, 2018.

P. Raimondo, F. Noto and N. Palmieri, “PARATA: A Routing Strategy in VANET for CO2 Emissions Reduction,” 2019 27th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), pp. 1-4, 2019.

N. Sumon and A. Jaekel, “Fuel Efficient Route Planning Using VANET,” 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), pp. 468-474, 2018.

R. C. Abeywardana, K. W. Sowerby and S. M. Berber, “SimuCRV: A Simulation Framework for Cognitive Radio Enabled Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1-5, 2017.

R. I. Meneguette, G. P. Filho, D. L. Guidoni, G. Pessin, L. A. Villas, and J. Ueyama, “Increasing intelligence in inter-vehicle communications to reduce traffic congestions: experiments in urban and highway environments,” PLoS one, vol. 11, no. 8, 2016.

R. I. Meneguette, G. P. R. Fillho, L. F. Bittencourt, J. Ueyama and L. A. Villas, “A Solution for Detection and Control For Congested Roads Using Vehicular Networks,” in IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1849-1855, 2016.

H. Noori and M. Valkama, “Impact of VANET-based V2X communication using IEEE 802.11p on reducing vehicles traveling time in realistic large scale urban area,” 2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), pp. 654-661, 2013.

M. Segata, P. Arvani and R. L. Cigno, “A Critical Assessment of C-V2X Resource Allocation Scheme for Platooning Applications,” 2021 16th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services Conference (WONS), pp. 1-8, 2021.

D. Bischoff, F. A. Schiegg, D. Schuller, J. Lemke, B. Becker and T. Meuser, “Prioritizing Relevant Information: Decentralized V2X Resource Allocation for Cooperative Driving,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 135630-135656, 2021.

G. Nardini, G. Stea, and A. Virdis, “A fast and reliable broadcast service for lte-advanced exploiting multihop device-to-device transmissions,” Future Internet, vol. 9, no. 4, 2017.

R. I. Meneguette and A. Boukerche, “Servites: An efficient search and allocation resource protocol based on v2v communication for vehicular cloud,” Computer Networks, vol. 123, pp. 104–118, 2017.

R. I. Meneguette and A. Boukerche, “Peer-to-Peer Protocol for Allocated Resources in Vehicular Cloud Based on V2V Communication,” 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 1-6, 2017.

S. Pallewatta, P. S. Lakmali, S. Wijewardana, P. Ranathunga, T. Samarasinghe, and D. Dias, “802.11 p: Insights from the mac and physical layers for a cooperate car following application,” in First International Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. 222, pp. 226–236, 2018.

A. Aslam, L. Almeida, and F. Santos, “A flexible tdma overlay protocol for vehicles platooning,” in International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles, pp. 169–180, 2018.

M. A. Togou, L. Khoukhi and A. Hafid, “IEEE 802.11p EDCA performance analysis for vehicle-to-vehicle infotainment applications,” 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-6, 2017.

C. Stadler, T. Gruber, R. German and D. Eckhoff, “A Line-of-Sight probability model for VANETs,” 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), pp. 466-471, 2017.

M. Charitos and G. Kalivas, “Mimo hetnet ieee 802.11 p–lte deployment in a vehicular urban environment,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 9, pp. 222–232, 2017.

R. Tomar, M. Prateek and H. G. Sastry, “Analysis of beaconing performance in IEEE 802.11p on vehicular ad-hoc environment,” 2017 4th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Electronics (UPCON), pp. 692-696, 2017.

A. Abunei, C. -R. Comsa and I. Bogdan, “RSS improvement in VANETs by auxilliary transmission at 700 MHz,” 2015 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS), pp. 1-4, 2015.

A. Karimnia and S. Yousefi, “Improving broadcast reliability in IEEE 802.11p/1609.4 standard,” 7’th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST’2014), pp. 1189-1194, 2014.

D. Jia, K. Lu, and J. Wang, “On the network connectivity of platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical systems,” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 40, pp. 215–230, 2014.

C. Sommer, S. Joerer and F. Dressler, “On the applicability of Two-Ray path loss models for vehicular network simulation,” 2012 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), pp. 64-69, 2012.

A. Aslam, P. M. Santos, F. Santos, and L. Almeida, “Empirical performance models of mac protocols for cooperative platooning applications,” Electronics, vol. 8, no. 11, 2019.

P. Wendland, G. Schaefer, and R. Thoma, “An application-oriented ¨ evaluation of lte-v’s mode 4 for v2v communication,” in Proceedings of the 34th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 165– 173, 2019.

M. A. Islam et al., “Dynamic reallocation based window access scheme for enhancing qos of vehicular adhoc networks,” Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journa, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 322–328, 2019.

R. Ramanathan et al., “An empirical study on mac layer in ieee 802.11 p/wave based vehicular ad hoc networks,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 143, pp. 720–727, 2018.

H. Nacer and M. Mazouzi, “A scheduling algorithm for beacon message in vehicular ad hoc networks,” in International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, vol. 552, pp. 489–497, 2017.

L. Miao, K. Djouani, B. Van Wyk and Y. Hamam, “A CCH Cycle Adaptive Algorithm for IEEE 802.11P Mac Protocol in Safety Applications,” in SAIEE Africa Research Journal, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 146-153, 2013.

A. Akbarifar, J. Bagherzadeh and S. Yousefi, “Dynamic multichannel interval adjustment for WAVE architecture,” 6th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST), pp. 612-614, 2012.

Y. Zhang, M. Ye and L. Guan, “Overlap-Minimization Scheduling Strategy for Data Transmission in VANET,” 2021 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), pp. 1-7, 2021.

S. Chantaraskul, K. Chaitien, A. Nirapai, and C. Tanwongvarl, “Safety communication based adaptive multi-channel assignment for vanets,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 83–98, 2017.

R. Attia, A. Hassaan and R. Rizk, “Advanced Greedy Hybrid BioInspired Routing Protocol to Improve IoV,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 131260-131272, 2021.

M. A. Hossain et al., “Multi-Objective Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm Based 2-Hop Routing Algorithm for CR-VANET,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 58230-58242, 2021.

J. Cheng et al., “Accessibility Analysis and Modeling for IoV in an Urban Scene,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 4246-4256, 2020.

A. Benmir, A. Korichi, A. Bourouis, M. Alreshoodi and L. Al-Jobouri, “An Enhanced GPSR Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks,” 2019 11th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering (CEEC), pp. 85-89, 2019.

G. Singh, M. Prateek, and G. H. Sastry, “Swarm intelligence based efficient routing algorithm for platooning in vanet through ant colony optimization,” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1238–1244, 2019.

M. Ye, L. Guan and M. Quddus, “MPBRP- Mobility Prediction Based Routing Protocol in VANETs,” 2019 International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), pp. 1-7, 2019.

L. L. Cardenas, A. M. Mezher, P. A. B. Bautista and M. A. Igartua, “A ´ Probability-Based Multimetric Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in Urban Scenarios,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 178020- 178032, 2019.

L. Lemus Cardenas, A. Mohamad Mezher, N. P. L ´ opez M ´ arquez, P. Bar- ´ becho Bautista, J. Cardenas-Barrera, and M. Aguilar Igartua, “3mrp+ ´ an improved multimetric geographical routing protocol for vanets,” in Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, & Ubiquitous Networks, pp. 33–39, 2018.

G. Sarwar and S. Lee, “A multicriteria adaptive opportunistic treecast routing protocol for multimedia dissemination in vehicle-to-vehicle telescreen,” Plos one, vol. 13, no. 10, 2018.

G. Sun, Y. Zhang, D. Liao, H. Yu, X. Du and M. Guizani, “Bus-Trajectory-Based Street-Centric Routing for Message Delivery in Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 7550-7563, 2018.

S. T. Rakkesh, A. R. Weerasinghe and R. A. C. Ranasinghe, “A decentralized vehicle re-routing approach using vehicular adhoc networks,” 2016 Sixteenth International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer), pp. 201-207, 2016.

M. El Amine Fekair, A. Lakas and A. Korichi, “CBQoS-Vanet: Cluster-based artificial bee colony algorithm for QoS routing protocol in VANET,” 2016 International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile & Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), pp. 1-8, 2016.

N. Kumar and M. Dave, “Biir: A beacon information independent vanet routing algorithm with low broadcast overhead,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 869–895, 2016.

Y. K. Matar, L. A. Villas, and R. W. Pazzi, “Dual-mode optimum distance routing scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the third ACM international symposium on Design and analysis of intelligent vehicular networks and applications, pp. 15–22, 2013.

K. Sharshembiev, S. -M. Yoo, E. Elmahdi, Y. -K. Kim and G. -H. Jeong, “Fail-Safe Mechanism Using Entropy Based Misbehavior Classification and Detection in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” 2019 International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pp. 123-128, 2019.

P. B. Bautista, L. L. Cardenas, L. U. Aguiar, and M. A. Igar- ´ tua, “A traffic-aware electric vehicle charging management system for smart cities,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 20, 2019.

L. Albraheem, M. Al-Rodhaan, and A. Al-Dhelaan, “Bus-based wsmp dissemination protocol for vehicular network,” in The 23rd International Conference on Information Integration and Web Intelligence, pp. 504– 516, 2021.

N. Azzaoui, A. Korichi, B. Brik, and M. e. A. Fekair, “Towards optimal dissemination of emergency messages in internet of vehicles: a dynamic clustering-based approach,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 8, 2021.

W. Benrhaiem, A. Hafid and P. K. Sahu, “Reliable Emergency Message Dissemination Scheme for Urban Vehicular Networks,” in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1154-1166, 2020.

R. Tomar, H. G. Sastry, and M. Prateek, “Establishing parameters for comparative analysis of v2v communication in vanet,” Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 26–29, 2020.

M. J. Haidari, Z. Yetgin, and A. Elewi, “Emergency-aware irresponsible message forwarding for vehicular communications,” Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 61–68, 2020.

I. Goto, D. Nobayashi, K. Tsukamoto, T. Ikenaga, and M. Lee, “Transmission control method to realize efficient data retention in low vehicle density environments,” in International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, vol. 1035, pp. 390–401, 2020.

I. Turcanu, P. Salvo, A. Baiocchi, and F. Cuomo, “Discover: a unified protocol for data dissemination and collection in vanets,” in Proceedings of the 12th ACM Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, & Ubiquitous Networks, pp. 25–32, 2015.

I. Turcanu et al., “An integrated vanet-based data dissemination and collection protocol for complex urban scenarios,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 52, pp. 28–38, 2016.

R. S. Schwartz, A. E. Ohazulike, C. Sommer, H. Scholten, F. Dressler, and P. Havinga, “On the applicability of fair and adaptive data dissemination in traffic information systems,” Ad hoc networks, vol. 13, pp. 428–443, 2014.

S. Allani, T. Yeferny, R. Chbeir, and S. B. Yahia, “A novel vanet data dissemination approach based on geospatial data,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 98, pp. 572–577, 2016.

M. Chaqfeh and A. Lakas, “A novel approach for scalable multi-hop data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 37, pp. 228–239, 2016.

T. Yeferny and S. B. Yahia, “A markov chain-based data dissemination protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 180, pp. 303–314, 2021.

L. A. Villas, A. Boukerche, G. Maia, R. W. Pazzi, and A. A. Loureiro, “Drive: An efficient and robust data dissemination protocol for highway and urban vehicular ad hoc networks,” Computer Networks, vol. 75, pp. 381–394, 2014.

R. Oliveira, C. Montez, A. Boukerche, and M. S. Wangham, “Reliable data dissemination protocol for vanet traffic safety applications,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 63, pp. 30–44, 2017.

S. Allani, T. Yeferny, and R. Chbeir, “A scalable data dissemination protocol based on vehicles trajectories analysis,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 71, pp. 31–44, 2018.

O. Gama, M. J. Nicolau, A. Costa, A. Santos, J. Macedo and B. Dias, “Evaluation of message dissemination methods in VANETs using a cooperative traffic efficiency application,” 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), pp. 478-483, 2017.

C. Iza-Paredes, A. M. Mezher, and M. Aguilar Igartua, “Adaptive videostreaming dissemination in realistic highway vehicular ad-hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 13th ACM Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, & Ubiquitous Networks, pp. 1–10, 2016.

T. D. T. Nguyen, Q. -B. Huynh and H. -A. Pham, “An Adaptive Beacon-Based Scheme for Warning Messages Dissemination in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks,” 2017 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Applications (ACOMP), pp. 47-53, 2017.

H. Tian, Y. Shiraishi, M. Mohri, and M. Morii, “Ccn-based vehicle-tovehicle communication in dsrc for content distribution in urban environments,” IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems, vol. 102, no. 9, pp. 1653–1664, 2019.

G. Maia, L. A. Villas, A. C. Viana, A. L. Aquino, A. Boukerche, and A. A. Loureiro, “A rate control video dissemination solution for extremely dynamic vehicular ad hoc networks,” Performance Evaluation, vol. 87, pp. 3–18, 2015.

H. Huang, M. Hassan, G. Geers, and L. Libman, “Caragent: Collecting and disseminating floating car data in vehicular networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 13, pp. 114–127, 2018.

A. Valibak, M. Fathy, N. Balouchzahi and A. Akbari, “A two-purpose peer-to-peer structure for vehicle navigating and traffic information disseminating in vehicular networks,” 2014 4th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE), pp. 316-321, 2014.

M. A. Togou, A. Hafid and P. K. Sahu, “A stable minimum velocity CDSbased virtual backbone for VANET in city environment,” 39th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp. 510-513, 2014.

R. I. Meneguette, A. Boukerche, F. A. Silva, L. Villas, L. B. Ruiz, and A. A. Loureiro, “A novel self-adaptive content delivery protocol for vehicular networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 73, pp. 1–13, 2018.

T. D. Nguyen, T.-V. Le, and H.-A. Pham, “Novel store–carry– forward scheme for message dissemination in vehicular ad-hoc networks,” ICT Express, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 193–198, 2017.

T. Speth, R. Riebl, T. Brandmeier, C. Facchi, U. Jumar, and A. H. AlBayatti, “Vanet coverage analysis for gps augmentation data in rural area,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 49, no. 30, pp. 245–250, 2016.

C. Facchina and A. Jaekel, “Speed Based Distributed Congestion Control Scheme for Vehicular Networks,” 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), pp. 1-4, 2020.

Z. Liang, F. Sedighi and A. Balador, “Evaluation and optimization of Decentralized Congestion Control Algorithms for Vehicular Networks,” 2019 IEEE/ACM 23rd International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications (DS-RT), pp. 1-8, 2019.

K. Chaitien, C. Tanwongvarl and S. Chantaraskul, “Adaptive Multichannel Approach for Congestion Control in Vehicular Safety Communications,” 2015 5th International Conference on IT Convergence and Security (ICITCS), pp. 1-5, 2015.

D. Puthal, Z. H. Mir, F. Filali and H. Menouar, “Cross-layer architecture for congestion control in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks,” 2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), pp. 887- 892, 2013.

R. S. de Sousa, A. Boukerche, and A. A. Loureiro, “A distributed and low-overhead traffic congestion control protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 159, pp. 258–270, 2020.

H. Amer, H. Al-Kashoash, M. J. Khami, M. Mayfield, and L. Mihaylova, “Non-cooperative game based congestion control for data rate optimization in vehicular ad hoc networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 107, 2020.

H. M. Amer, E. A. Hadi, L. G. Shihab, H. H. Al Mohammed, and M. J. Khami, “Hybrid power control and contention window adaptation for channel congestion problem in internet of vehicles network,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 497–505, 2022.

H.-J. Gunther, R. Riebl, L. Wolf, and C. Facchi, “The effect of de- ¨ centralized congestion control on collective perception in dense traffic scenarios,” Computer Communications, vol. 122, pp. 76–83, 2018.

P. Pinol, O. L ˜ opez, M. Mart ´ ´ınez, J. Oliver, and M. P. Malumbres, “Modeling video streaming over vanets,” in Proceedings of the 7th ACM workshop on Performance monitoring and measurement of heterogeneous wireless and wired networks, pp. 7–14, 2012.

P. P. Garrido Abenza, M. P. Malumbres, P. P. Peral and O. Lopez- ´ Granado, “Evaluating the Use of QoS for Video Delivery in Vehicular Networks,” 2020 29th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1-9, 2020.

P. P. Garrido Abenza, M. P Malumbres, P. Pinol, and O. L ˜ opez Granado, ´ “A simulation tool for evaluating video streaming architectures in vehicular network scenarios,” Electronics, vol. 9, no. 11, 2020.

P. P. Garrido Abenza, M. P. Malumbres, P. Pinol, and O. L ˜ opez-Granado, ´ “Source coding options to improve hevc video streaming in vehicular networks,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 9, 2018.

Y. Sun, L. Xu, Y. Tang and W. Zhuang, “Traffic Offloading for Online Video Service in Vehicular Networks: A Cooperative Approach,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 7630- 7642, 2018.

P. P. G. Abenza, P. P. Peral, M. P. Malumbres and O. Lopez-Granado, ´ “Simulation Framework for Evaluating Video Delivery Services Over Vehicular Networks,” 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), pp. 1-5, 2018.

M. A. Togou, L. Khoukhi and A. Hafid, “An altruistic service channel selection scheme for V2V infotainment applications,” 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-6, 2017.

T. Liu, A. A. Abouzeid and A. A. Julius, “Traffic Flow Control in Vehicular Multi-Hop Networks with Data Caching,” in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 231-244, 2020.

C. Correa, J. Ueyama, R. I. Meneguette and L. A. Villas, “VANets: An Exploratory Evaluation in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network for Urban Environment,” 2014 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, pp. 45-49, 2014.

M. A. Abdeen, A. Beg, S. M. Mostafa, A. AbdulGhaffar, T. R. Sheltami, and A. Yasar, “Performance evaluation of vanet routing protocols in madinah city,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 5, 2022.

A. Boukerche and R. W. Coutinho, “Loicen: A novel locationbased and information-centric architecture for content distribution in vehicular networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 93, 2019.

S. Abdollah and M. Zarei, “A traffic-centric fuzzy approach for solving the starvation problem of cooperative awareness messages in vehicular ad hoc networks,” International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 34, no. 18, 2021.

A. Derder, L. Khelladi, and Z. Doukha, “A prediction-based protocol for online target tracking in vsns,” Telecommunication Systems, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 377–389, 2021.

H. -j. Gunther, O. Trauer and L. Wolf, “The potential of collective perception in vehicular ad-hoc networks,” 2015 14th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST), pp. 1-5, 2015.

A. Aslam, F. Santos and L. Almeida, “Reconfiguring TDMA Communications for Dynamic Formation of Vehicle Platoons,” 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), pp. 1713-1720, 2020.

S. T. Rakkesh, A. R. Weerasinghe and R. A. C. Ranasinghe, “An intelligent highway traffic model using cooperative vehicle platooning techniques,” 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), pp. 170-175, 2017.

F. De Rango, M. Tropea, P. Raimondo, A. F. Santamaria and P. Fazio, “Bio Inspired Strategy for Improving Platoon Management in the Future Autonomous Electrical VANET Environment,” 2019 28th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1-7, 2019.

F. Araujo, H. P. Serra, D. Ros ´ ario, and E. Cerqueira, “Optimized- ´ selection model of relay nodes in platoon-based vehicular ad-hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 10th Latin America Networking Conference, pp. 18–24, 2018.

M. Amoozadeh, H. Deng, C.-N. Chuah, H. M. Zhang, and D. Ghosal, “Platoon management with cooperative adaptive cruise control enabled by vanet,” Vehicular communications, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 110–123, 2015.

T. Noguchi, Y. -C. Ting, M. Yoshida and A. G. Ramonet, “Real-time Cooperative Vehicle Tracking in VANETs,” 2020 29th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1-6, 2020.

Z. Fernandez, I. Val, M. Mendicute and E. Uhlemann, “Analysis and ´ Evaluation of Self-Organizing TDMA for Industrial Applications,” 2019 15th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), pp. 1-8, 2019.

A. Lakas, M. E. A. Fekair, A. Korichi, and N. Lagraa, “A multiconstrained qos-compliant routing scheme for highway-based vehicular networks,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2019, 2019.

Y. Regragui and N. Moussa, “Investigating the impact of real-time path planning on reducing vehicles traveling time,” 2018 International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), pp. 1-6, 2018.

M. S. Rayeni, A. S. Hafid and P. K. Sahu, “A Novel Architecture and Mechanism for On-Demand Services in Vehicular Networks with Minimum Overhead in Target Vehicle Tracking,” 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), pp. 1-6, 2016.

D. S. Buse, M. Schettler, N. Kothe, P. Reinold, C. Sommer and F. Dressler, “Bridging worlds: Integrating hardware-in-the-loop testing with large-scale VANET simulation,” 2018 14th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS), pp. 33-36, 2018.

B. Brik, N. Lagraa, A. Lakas, and A. Cheddad, “Ddgp: Distributed data gathering protocol for vehicular networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 4, pp. 15–29, 2016.

M. A. Togou and G. -M. Muntean, “A Dynamic Transmission Opportunity Allocation Scheme to Improve Service Quality of Vehicleto-Vehicle Non-Safety Applications,” 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1-5, 2018.

M. A. Togou, L. Khoukhi and A. Hafid, “Performance Analysis and Enhancement of WAVE for V2V Non-Safety Applications,” in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 2603-2614, 2018.

Y. Sun, L. Xu and Y. Tang, “Cooperative Downloading in Vehicular Networks: A Graph-Based Approach,” 2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1-5, 2018.

M. S. Rayeni, A. Hafid, and P. K. Sahu, “Quality of service aware multicasting in heterogeneous vehicular networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 13, pp. 38–55, 2018.

C. Campolo, C. Sommer, F. Dressler and A. Molinaro, “On the impact of adjacent channel interference in multi-channel VANETs,” 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-7, 2016.

K. Ullah, L. M. Santos, J. B. Ribeiro, and E. D. Moreira, “Sadp: A lightweight beaconing-based commercial services advertisement protocol for vehicular ad hoc network,” in International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless, vol. 9724, pp. 279–293, 2016.

N. Gaouar and M. Lehsaini, “A cloud computing based intelligent traffic control system for vehicular networks,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Networking, Information Systems & Security, pp. 1–5, 2021.

S. Ucar, T. Higuchi and O. Altintas, “Platoon as a Mobile Vehicular Cloud,” 2019 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), pp. 1-6, 2019.

R. P. Nayak, S. Sethi and S. K. Bhoi, “PHVA: A Position Based High Speed Vehicle Detection Algorithm for Detecting High Speed Vehicles using Vehicular Cloud,” 2018 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), pp. 227-232, 2018.

H. R. Arkian, R. E. Atani, A. Diyanat, and A. Pourkhalili, “A clusterbased vehicular cloud architecture with learning-based resource management,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 1401–1426, 2015.

M. Peixoto, A. Maia, E. Mota, E. Rangel, D. Costa, D. Turgut, and L. Villas, “A traffic data clustering framework based on fog computing for vanets,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 31, 2021.

G. Sun, Y. Zhang, H. Yu, X. Du and M. Guizani, “Intersection Fog-Based Distributed Routing for V2V Communication in Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 2409-2426, 2020.

G. Sun, S. Sun, J. Sun, H. Yu, X. Du, and M. Guizani, “Security and privacy preservation in fog-based crowd sensing on the internet of vehicles,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 134, pp. 89–99, 2019.

P. Raimondo, A. Serianni, N. Palmieri and G. Potrino, “Improving Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Introducing a FOG Cooperative Strategy,” 2018 26th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), pp. 1-4, 2018.

M. Arif, G. Wang, V. E. Balas, O. Geman, A. Castiglione, and J. Chen, “Sdn based communications privacy-preserving architecture for vanets using fog computing,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 26, 2020.

A. J. Kadhim and S. A. H. Seno, “Energy-efficient multicast routing protocol based on sdn and fog computing for vehicular networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 84, pp. 68–81, 2019.

N. Keshari, T. S. Gupta and D. Singh, “Particle Swarm Optimization based Task Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing,” 2021 IEEE 18th India Council International Conference (INDICON), pp. 1-8, 2021.

Y. Xiao, Y. Liu, and T. Li, “Edge computing and blockchain for quick fake news detection in iov,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 16, 2020.

I. Saini, S. Saad and A. Jaekel, “A Context Aware and Traffic Adaptive Privacy Scheme in VANETs,” 2020 IEEE 3rd Connected and Automated Vehicles Symposium (CAVS), pp. 1-5, 2020.

A. Lobo, R. Matos, B. Silva and P. Maciel, “Expolynomial Modelling for Supporting VANET Infrastructure Planning,” 2017 IEEE 22nd Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC), pp. 86-91, 2017.

A. Mushtaq, I. u. Haq, W. u. Nabi, A. Khan, and O. Shafiq, “Traffic flow management of autonomous vehicles using platooning and collision avoidance strategies,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 10, 2021.

M. Al Shareeda, A. Khalil, and W. Fahs, “Realistic heterogeneous genetic-based rsu placement solution for v2i networks,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 16, no. 3A, pp. 540–547, 2019.

Y. A. D. Djilali, Y. Bakhtil, B. Kouninef and B. Senouci, “Performances Evaluation Study of VANET Communication Technologies for Smart and Autonomous Vehicles,” 2018 Tenth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), pp. 79-84, 2018.

J. M. Duarte, T. Braun, and L. A. Villas, “Mobivndn: A distributed framework to support mobility in vehicular named-data networking,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 82, pp. 77–90, 2019.

F. Abbasi, M. Zarei, and A. M. Rahmani, “Fwdp: a fuzzy logicbased vehicle weighting model for data prioritization in vehicular ad hoc networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 33, 2022.

A. Brummer, R. German and A. Djanatliev, “Modeling V2X Communications across Multiple Road Levels,” 2019 IEEE 2nd Connected and Automated Vehicles Symposium (CAVS), pp. 1-5, 2019.

S. M. Tornell, C. T. Calafate, J. -C. Cano and P. Manzoni, “Accelerating vehicle network simulations in urban scenarios through caching,” International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS 2014), pp. 654-661, 2014.

F. Santos, A. L. Aquino, E. R. Madeira, and R. S. Cabral, “Temporal complex networks modeling applied to vehicular ad-hoc networks,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 192, 2021.

C. Cooper, A. Mukunthan, F. Safaei, M. Ros, D. Franklin, and M. Abolhasan, “Including general environmental effects in k-factor approximation for rice-distributed vanet channels,” Physical Communication, vol. 14, pp. 32–44, 2015.

A. Katiyar, S. K. Gupta, D. Singh and R. S. Yadav, “A dynamic single-hop clustering algorithm (DSCA) in VANET,” 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), pp. 1-6, 2020.

I. Ahmad, R. M. Noor, I. Ahmedy, S. A. A. Shah, I. Yaqoob, E. Ahmed, and M. Imran, “Vanet–lte based heterogeneous vehicular clustering for driving assistance and route planning applications,” Computer Networks, vol. 145, pp. 128–140, 2018.

P. Salvo, I. Turcanu, F. Cuomo, A. Baiocchi and I. Rubin, “LTE floating car data application off-loading via VANET driven clustering formation,” 2016 12th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS), pp. 1-8, 2016.

S. Oubabas, R. Aoudjit, J. J. Rodrigues, and S. Talbi, “Secure and stable vehicular ad hoc network clustering algorithm based on hybrid mobility similarities and trust management scheme,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 13, pp. 128–138, 2018.

I. S. Alkhalifa and A. S. Almogren, “NSSC: Novel Segment Based Safety Message Broadcasting in Cluster-Based Vehicular Sensor Network,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 34299-34312, 2020.

A. Touil, A. Sbai, and F. Ghadi, “Cluster-based data collection scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks,” Procedia computer science, vol. 148, pp. 62–69, 2019.

H. R. Arkian, R. E. Atani, A. Pourkhalili, and S. Kamali, “Clusterbased traffic information generalization in vehicular ad-hoc networks,” Vehicular communications, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 197–207, 2014.

L. Sotiriadis, B. Mamalis, and G. Pantziou, “Stable and secure clustering for internet of vehicles with rsu-assisted maintenance and trust management,” in 25th Pan-Hellenic Conference on Informatics, pp. 124–129, 2022.

M. S. Bahbahani and E. Alsusa, “A Directional Clustering Protocol for Millimeter Wave Vehicular Ad hoc Networks,” 2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring), pp. 1-6, 2020.

S. K. Gupta, J. Y. Khan and D. T. Ngo, “Clustered Multicast Protocols for Warning Message Transmissions in a VANET,” 2019 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), pp. 1-8, 2019.

S. A. Alghamdi, “Novel path similarity aware clustering and safety message dissemination via mobile gateway selection in cellular 5g-based v2x and d2d communication for urban environment,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 103, 2020.

S. K. Gupta, J. Y. Khan and D. T. Ngo, “A D2D Multicast Network Architecture for Vehicular Communications,” 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring), pp. 1-6, 2019.

Y. Saleem, N. Mitton, and V. Loscri, “Divine: Data offloading in vehicular networks with qos provisioning,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 123, 2021.

S. Majumder, D. C. Mandava, J. Kim and A. Y. Javaid, “Multimedia Transmission for V2X Communication over Legacy LTE-A Network Infrastructure - A Performance Evaluation,” 2020 11th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), pp. 0028-0034, 2020.

B. A. Mugabarigira, Y. Shen, J. Jeong, T. Oh and S. H. Son, “Design and Implementation of Vehicular Network Simulator for Data Forwarding Scheme Evaluation,” 2017 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), pp. 365- 369, 2017.

J. Timpner, M. Wegner, H.-J. Gunther, and L. Wolf, “High-resolution ¨ vehicle telemetry via heterogeneous ivc,” in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Internet of Vehicles and Vehicles of Internet, pp. 19–24, 2016.

H. Tian, Y. Otsuka, M. Mohri, Y. Shiraishi, and M. Morii, “Leveraging in-network caching in vehicular network for content distribution,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 12, no. 6, 2016.

F. M. Modesto and A. Boukerche, “Seven: A novel servicebased architecture for information-centric vehicular network,” Computer Communications, vol. 117, pp. 133–146, 2018.

I. Turcanu, P. Salvo, A. Baiocchi, F. Cuomo, and T. Engel, “A multi-hop broadcast wave approach for floating car data collection in vehicular networks,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 24, 2020.

I. Turcanu, F. Klingler, C. Sommer, A. Baiocchi, and F. Dressler, “Duplicate suppression for efficient floating car data collection in heterogeneous lte-dsrc vehicular networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 123, pp. 54–64, 2018.

P. Salvo, I. Turcanu, F. Cuomo, A. Baiocchi, and I. Rubin, “Heterogeneous cellular and dsrc networking for floating car data collection in urban areas,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 8, pp. 21–34, 2017.

G. Manzo, M. A. Marsan, and G. A. Rizzo, “Analytical models of floating content in a vehicular urban environment,” Ad hoc networks, vol. 88, pp. 65–80, 2019.

T. S. Gomides, E. Robson, A. M. de Souza, F. S. Souza, L. A. Villas, and D. L. Guidoni, “An adaptive and distributed traffic management system using vehicular ad-hoc networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 159, pp. 317–330, 2020.

A. T. Akabane, R. Immich, L. F. Bittencourt, E. R. Madeira, and L. A. Villas, “Towards a distributed and infrastructure-less vehicular traffic management system,” Computer Communications, vol. 151, pp. 306– 319, 2020.

A. V. Singh and J. S. Bhasin, “A Variable Speed Limit (VSL) Based Model for Advanced Traffic Management through VANETs,” 2016 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), pp. 533-538, 2016.

B. Zardosht, S. S. Beauchemin, and M. A. Bauer, “A predictive accidentduration based decision-making module for rerouting in environments with v2v communication,” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 535–544, 2017.

M. Lourenc¸o, T. S. Gomides, F. S. de Souza, R. I. Meneguette, and D. L. Guidoni, “A traffic management service based on v2i communication for vehicular ad-hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 10th Latin America Networking Conference, pp. 25–31, 2018.

A. Baiocchi, F. Cuomo, M. De Felice, and G. Fusco, “Vehicular adhoc networks sampling protocols for traffic monitoring and incident detection in intelligent transportation systems,” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 56, pp. 177–194, 2015.