Design and Simulation of a Multi-Stage On-Site System for Hazardous Medical Waste Treatment in Low-Resource Healthcare Settings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v6i3.26440Keywords:
Medical Waste, On-Site Treatment, Mechatronic Design, FEA Simulation, Thermal Evaporation, UV-C DisinfectionAbstract
The management of hazardous medical waste in rural settings with limited resources faces significant constraints due to the lack of specialized infrastructure and inefficiencies in collection systems. This study presents the design and theoretical validation of a compact multi-stage system that integrates five key processes: double shredding, thermal evaporation, gas purification, hydraulic compaction, and UV-C disinfection. The methodology involved finite element analysis (FEA) to verify the shredding subsystem's structural integrity and thermal simulations to assess the efficiency of the evaporation process and the thermal safety of the equipment. Results obtained using SimSolid showed safety factors greater than 2.5 in critical shaft and blade regions, with structural displacements below 0.21 mm. Thermal simulations indicated that the chamber reached operating temperatures between 400 and 600 °C within 20 to 25 minutes, while the external surface remained below 60 °C due to the use of refractory insulation. A consistent thermal response was observed even under extreme simulated conditions (700-1100 °C), reinforcing the design’s stability. The combined heat treatment and compaction stages enabled an estimated waste volume reduction of 70% to 75%. In addition, the microbiological neutralization potential of the system, based on advanced filtration and UV-C disinfection, was evaluated, acknowledging simulation limitations and the need for future experimental validation. The primary contribution of this work lies in demonstrating the feasibility of an autonomous, safe, and efficient system for on-site hazardous medical waste treatment. Future work will focus on building a functional prototype, conducting real-world testing, and analyzing energy consumption and adaptability in rural settings with variable infrastructure.
References
S. Chakraborty, R., Raut, T. M., Rofin, S., and Chakraborty, S. "A comprehensive review of applications of multi-criteria decision-making methods in healthcare waste management." Waste Management and Research, 2025, doi: 10.1177/0734242X251320872.
Y. Cho, P. A. Withana, J. H. Rhee, S. T. Lim, J. Y. Lim, S. W. Park, and Y. S. Ok, "Achieving the sustainable waste management of medical plastic packaging using a life cycle assessment approach," Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 19, Oct. 2024.
A. Ranjan, S. Kaushik, M. Singh, and S. Bhutani, "Biomedical waste treatment and energy generation," Biomedical Waste Management: Bioremediation and Recycling, vol. 1, pp. 103-114, Sept. 2024, Doi: 10.1515/9783111305288-007.
H. Pande et al., "Segregation of biomedical waste: Methodologies and importance," in Biomedical Waste Management: Bioremediation and Recycling, vol. 1, pp. 65-84, Sept. 2024.
R. M. Bommi, S. V. S. Rajeev, S. Sarvepalli, V. S. Teja, and U. Supriya, "Smart Healthcare Waste Segregation and Safe Disposal," Mathematics and Computer Science, vol. 2, pp. 205-221, June 2024.
L. W. Limenh et al., "Management of pharmaceutical waste from hospitals and community pharmacies in Bahir Dar and Gondar cities, Ethiopia," BMC Health Services Research, vol. 25, no. 1, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-12555-6.
G. Santra, "Plastic Pollution and One Health Crisis: A Burning Issue in Environmental Medicine," Journal of Association of Physicians of India, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 73-83, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.59556/japi.73.0840.
R. F. Asto Bonifacio, "Applications of Robotic Systems and Emerging Technologies in the Collection, Classification, and Treatment of Medical Waste: A Systematic Review," Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 6, no. 2, p. 734, 2025.
A. X. Trujillo-Moscoso, C. Paredes-Schmidt, and J. C. Quiroz-Flores, "Evaluation of the environmental impact of medical waste in health centers in Peru," in Proc. 5th South American Conf. on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM), May. 2024, doi: 10.46254/SA05.20240125.
C. Cayo-Rojas et al., "Impact of a virtual educational intervention on knowledge and awareness of biomedical waste management among Peruvian dental professionals," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49766-2.
F. Mayta-Tovalino, A. Munive-Degregori, R. Bocanegra, R. Mendoza, J. Alvitez, and A. Temoche, "Awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practices in the management of biomedical waste: A multivariate analysis of associated factors in Peruvian students," World Journal of Dentistry, vol. 13, 2022, doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1887.
F. G. Torres and G. E. De la Torre, "Face mask waste generation and management during the COVID-19 pandemic: An overview and the Peruvian case," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 786, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147628.
J. J. Milón Guzmán, S. L. Braga, F. A. Y. Pradelle, M. E. Díaz Coa, and C. K. Infa Mamani, "Experimental Evaluation of a Mobile Charging Station Prototype for Energy Supply in Rural and Isolated Areas during Emergency Situations," Energies, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 465, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18030465.
J. M. Chisholm, R. Zamani, and M. Akrami, "Sustainable waste management of medical waste in African developing countries: A narrative review," Waste Management & Research, vol. 39, no. 9, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1177/0734242X211029175.
S. M. Lee and D. Lee, "Effective Medical Waste Management for Sustainable Green Healthcare," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 22, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph192214820.
K. Govindan, S. Nosrati-Abarghooee, M. M. Nasiri, and F. Jolai, "Green reverse logistics network design for medical waste management: A circular economy transition through case approach," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 322, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115888.
L. Andeobu, "Medical waste and its management," in The Palgrave Handbook of Global Sustainability, R. Brinkmann, Ed. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-01949-4_53.
D. Kim, M. M. Azad, S. Khalid, and H. S. Kim, "Data-driven surrogate modeling for global sensitivity analysis and design optimization of medical waste shredding systems," Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 82, pp. 69-81, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.108112.
M. M. Azad, D. Kim, S. Khalid, and H. S. Kim, "Topology optimization and fatigue life estimation of sustainable medical waste shredder blade," Mathematics, vol. 10, no. 11, May 2022.
M. M. Azad, D. Kim, S. Khalid, and H. S. Kim, "Structural stability analysis of medical waste sterilization shredder," International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD), vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 409-415, Dec. 2021.
J. Flizikowski, W. Kruszelnicka, and M. Macko, "The development of efficient contaminated polymer materials shredding in recycling processes," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 5, Feb. 2021.
J. H. Wong, W. M. J. Karen, S. A. Bahrin, B. L. Chua, G. J. H. Melvin, and N. J. Siambun, "Wear mechanisms and performance of PET shredder blade with various geometries and orientations," Machines, vol. 10, no. 9, Sep. 2022.
M. Heibeck, J. Richter, A. Hornig, T. Mütze, M. Rudolph, M. Reuter, N. Modler, and A. Filippatos, "Simulating the shredding process of multi-material structures for recyclability assessment," Materials & Design, vol. 232, August. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112167.
J. H. Wong, W. M. J. Karen, S. A. Bahrin, B. L. Chua, G. J. H. Melvin, and N. J. Siambun, "Wear mechanisms and performance of PET shredder blade with various geometries and orientations," Machines, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 760, Sep. 2022.
S. Pylypaka et al., "Design of a Helical Shredding Drum Blade and Determination of Its Unfolding," in Grabchenko’s International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Processes, pp. 587-595, 2024.
M. M. Azad, D. Kim, S. Khalid, and H. S. Kim, "Topology optimization and fatigue life estimation of sustainable medical waste shredder blade," Mathematics, vol. 10, no. 11, p. 1863, May. 2022.
Z. Qiu, Y. Liu, Z. Yang, X. Ma, and X. Yang, "Analysis of blockage and wrapping by leaves in the cutting mechanism of a sugarcane leaf shredder," Biosystems Engineering, vol. 211, pp. 152-166, Aug. 2021.
S. R. Shaik, A. K. Mahalingam, M. Palanisamy, and P. C. Kalita, "Comprehensive Review on Medical Waste Incineration," International Journal of Global Warming, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 16-54, May 2022, doi: 10.1504/IJGW.2022.122793.
S. Zhang et al., "Incineration experiment of medical waste of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in a mobile animal carcass incinerator," Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, pp. 177-183, Jun. 2021.
S. E. Agustina, E. A. Pane, M. F. Nurcholis, and Arviansyah, "Design development of portable (mini) multi-function incinerator for dry medical waste handling," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1038, 2022.
D. Wysocki and A. Szymanek, "The effectiveness of modified sodium bicarbonate in the purification of exhaust gases from HCl and HF," Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 114, no. 2, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2156.
J. Zheng, X. Xing, Z. Pang, S. Wang, Y. Du, and M. Lv, "Effect of Na₂CO₃, HF, and CO₂ Treatment on the Regeneration of Exhausted Activated Carbon Used in Sintering Flue Gas," ACS Omega, vol. 6, no. 39, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03537.
S. Endah Agustina, E. A. Pane, M. F. Nurcholis, and Arviansyah, "Design Development of Portable (Mini) Multi-function Incinerator for Dry Medical Waste Handling," IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1038, p. 012057, 2022, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012057.
D. Wysocki and A. Szymanek, "The effectiveness of modified sodium bicarbonate in the purification of exhaust gases from HCl and HF," J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 114, no. 2, Oct. 2022.
U. O. Matthew et al., "Ultra Violet (UV) Light Irradiation Device for Hospital Disinfection: Control of Hospital-Acquired Infections," International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development (IJICTHD), vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2022, doi: 10.4018/IJICTHD.313978.
J. Conroy et al., "Robot Development and Path Planning for Indoor Ultraviolet Light Disinfection," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 7795-7801, 2021.
B. C. Millar and J. E. Moore, "Evaluation of a domestic steam disinfector-dryer device for disinfection of health care workers’ identification lanyards," Workplace Health & Safety, vol. 69, no. 11, Jun. 2021. doi: 10.1177/21650799211012653.
J. S. Weese, "Cleaning and disinfection," in Greene’s Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, pp. 162-170, 2021, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-50934-3.00014-8.
U. Adak, "The sterilization and disinfection machines: sanitation and public health in the late Ottoman Empire," Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 917-930, 2022. doi: 10.1080/00263206.2022.2027765.
X. Liu, W. Liu, F. Zhou, C. Zhou, and H. Chen, "Study on the Effect of Cleaning the Da Vinci Patient Side Manipulator with a Steam Cleaner," Sterile Supply, vol. 3, no. 3, Oct. 2024.
W. Yuzhu, X. Linyun, J. Jing, Z. Aiqi, D. Binhu, and Y. Dongdong, "Test and analysis of heat transfer in steam disinfection of matrix soil," Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 277-283, 2024, doi: 10.13733/j.jcam.issn.2095-5553.2024.06.041.
T. Liu, "Research on the stability of a hydraulic system based on nonlinear PID control," Nonlinear Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 494-499, 2022, doi: 10.1515/nleng-2022-0222.
S. A. Al-Samarraie and I. I. Gorial, “Assessment of FLC, PID, Nonlinear PID, and SMC Controllers for Level Stabilization in Mechatronic Systems,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1845-1861, 2024, doi: 10.18196/jrc.v5i6.23639.
I. Zaitceva and B. Andrievsky, “Methods of Intelligent Control in Mechatronics and Robotic Engineering: A Survey,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 15, p. 2443, August. 2022.
A. Safdari, A. Mansouri, M. J. Fazli, P. Zarafshan, K. Alipour, and B. Tarvirdizadeh, "PID Controller Design for a Mechatronic System using Lion Optimization Algorithm," 2025 Fifth National and the First International Conference on Applied Research in Electrical Engineering (AREE), pp. 1-7, 2025, doi: 10.1109/AREE63378.2025.10880235.
S. Kapoulea, C. Psychalinos, A. S. Elwakil, and S. H. HosseinNia, "Realizations of fractional-order PID loop-shaping controller for mechatronic applications," Integration, vol. 80, pp. 5-12, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.vlsi.2021.04.009.
G. Pereira das Neves and B. Augusto Angélico, "Model-free control of mechatronic systems based on algebraic estimation, " Asian J. Control, 2021, doi: 10.1002/asjc.2596.
T. Staessens, T. Lefebvre, and G. Crevecoeur, "Adaptive Control of a Mechatronic System Using Constrained Residual Reinforcement Learning," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 10447-10456, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2022.3144565.
N. Malekpoor Joneghani, N. Zarrinpoor, and M. Eghtesadifard, "A mathematical model for designing a network of sustainable medical waste management under uncertainty," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 171, Sep. 2022.
A. Amirteimoori, E. B. Tirkolaee, A. Amirteimoori, A. Khakbaz, and V. Simic, "A novel parallel heuristic method to design a sustainable medical waste management system," J. Clean. Prod., vol. 452, May. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141897.
M. A. Shbool et al., "Predictive Modeling of Chemical Waste Generation in Healthcare Facilities: Enhancing Waste Management Strategies," Athens J. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 1-23, 2025.
E. B. Tirkolaee and N. S. Aydin, "A Sustainable Medical Waste Collection and Transportation Model for Pandemics," Waste Manag. Res., vol. 39, 2021, doi: 10.1177/0734242X211000437.
A. E. Torkayesh, H. R. Vandchali, and E. B. Tirkolaee, "Multi-Objective Optimization for Healthcare Waste Management Network Design with a Sustainability Perspective," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 15, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13158279.
M. Rahiminia et al., "A novel data-driven patient and medical waste queueing-inventory system under pandemic: A real-life case study," Int. J. Prod. Res., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 418-434, May 2023.
J. Ellinger, T. Semm, and M. F. Zaeh, "Dimensionality reduction of high-fidelity machine tool models by using global sensitivity analysis," Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 144, no. 5, p. 051010, May 2022.
S. Razavi et al., "The future of sensitivity analysis: an essential discipline for systems modeling and policy support," Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 137, p. 104954, Jun. 2021.
M. Kouhen, A. Dimitrova, G. S. Scippa, and D. Trupiano, "The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response," Biology, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 217, Jan. 2023.
A. Ali, S. S. R. Koloor, A. H. Alshehri, and A. Arockiarajan, "Carbon nanotube characteristics and enhancement effects on the mechanical properties of polymer-based materials and structures - A review," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 24, pp. 6495-6521, May-June. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.072.
Y. Zhang et al., "State of the art of finite element analysis in mechanical clinching," International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing - Green Technology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1191-1214, 2022.
A. McCulloch et al., "Large-scale finite element analysis of the beating heart," in High-Performance Computing in Biomedical Research, pp. 27-49, 2020.
T. C. N. Nguyen et al., "Static bending analysis of variable thickness microplates using the finite element method and modified couple stress theory," Journal of Science and Technique, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 13-26, 2022.
Y. Cao et al., "A new efficient finite element analysis method for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 46, p. 102187, 2021.
G. Zhen et al., "Mechanical stress determines the configuration of TGFβ activation in articular cartilage," Nature Communications, vol. 12, p. 1706, Mar. 2021.
M. Jażdżewska, M. Bartmański, A. Zieliński, and D. B. Kwidzińska, "Effect of Laser Treatment on Intrinsic Mechanical Stresses in Titanium and Some of Its Alloys," Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 6276, May. 2023, doi: 10.3390/app13106276.
B. Su, S. Liu, P. Zhang, J. Wu, and Y. Wang, "Mechanical properties and failure mechanism of overlap structure for cord-rubber composite," Composite Structures, vol. 274, p. 114350, Oct. 2021.
E. Menacho-Mendoza, R. Cedamanos-Cuenca, and A. Díaz-Suyo, "Stress analysis and factor of safety in three dental implant systems by finite element analysis," The Saudi Dental Journal, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 579-584, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.08.006.
N. F. Al Zoubi, F. Tarlochan, and H. Mehmood, "Mechanical and Fatigue Behavior of Cellular Structure Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Femoral Stems: A Finite Element Analysis," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 4197, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12094197.
A. B. Prasetiyo and K. A. Sekarjati, "Finite Element Simulation of Power Weeder Machine Frame," Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 25-34, Oct. 2022.
A. I. Mohammed et al., "An application of FEA and machine learning for the prediction and optimisation of casing buckling and deformation responses in shale gas wells in an in-situ operation," Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 95, Nov. 2021.
P. H. Tjahjanti, A. Fahruddin, A. Hermawanto, and S. Firmansyah, "Effective and Efficient Design and Manufacture of a Plastic Waste Press Machine," Jurnal Terapan Teknik Mesin (JTTM), vol. 4, no. 2, 2023, doi: 10.37337/jttm.v4i2.627.
E. Esim and E. Benzer, "Structural Analysis of an Industrial Foam Crusher Machine Using the Finite Element Method," Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, pp. 343-350, Dec. 2021.
J. Rishmany and R. Imad, "Finite Element and Multibody Dynamics Analysis of a Ball Mill Glass Crusher," Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1155/2023/1905702.
M. Egbo, "A Review of the Thermal Performance of Vapor Chambers and Heat Sinks: Critical Heat Flux, Thermal Resistances, and Surface Temperatures," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 183, Feb. 2022.
D. Xie, Y. Sun, G. Wang, S. Chen, and G. Ding, "Significant factors affecting heat transfer performance of vapor chamber and strategies to promote it: A critical review," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 175, 121132, Aug. 2021.
X. Ye, X. An, H. Zhang, S. Wang, B. Guo, and A. Yu, "Process simulation on atomization and evaporation of desulfurization wastewater and its application," Powder Technology, vol. 389, pp. 178-188, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.05.024.
C. Liu, D. Hu, Q. Li, X. Chen, Z. Zhang, and F. Zhou, "Vapor chamber with two-layer liquid supply evaporator wick for high-heat-flux devices," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 190, p. 116803, May 2021.
H. M. Maghrabie, A. G. Olabi, A. H. Alami, M. A. Radi, F. Zwayyed, T. Salamah, T. Wilberforce, and M. A. Abdelkareem, "Numerical simulation of heat pipes in different applications," International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 16, p. 100199, Nov. 2022.
Y. Feng et al., "The effects of process parameters on the mechanical properties and degradation behavior of Fe/HA biodegradable materials", J. Biomaterials Appl., Dec. 2024.
E. Kornfellner et al., "Measured and simulated mechanical properties of additively manufactured matrix-inclusion multimaterials fabricated by material jetting", 3D Print. Med., vol. 10, no. 1, Feb. 2024.
M. M. Alnsour, R. A. Alamoush, N. Silikas, and J. D. Satterthwaite, "The effect of erosive media on the mechanical properties of CAD/CAM composite materials", J. Functional Biomaterials, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 292, Oct. 2024, doi:10.3390/jfb15100292.
J. P. Whiteley, C. P. Brown, and E. A. Gaffney, "Sensitivity of cartilage mechanical behaviour to spatial variations in material properties", J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., p. 106575, May. 2024.
E. Dincel, "Advanced mechanical ventilation modes: Design and computer simulations", Comput. Methods Biomechanics Biomed. Eng., pp. 1–14, Nov. 2020.
L. G. Sun et al., "Nanostructural metallic materials: Structures and mechanical properties," Materials Today, vol. 38, pp. 114–135, 2020.
Y. Zhu and X. Wu, "Heterostructured materials," Progress in Materials Science, vol. 131, p. 101019, 2023.
Y. A. Shah et al., "Mechanical properties of protein-based food packaging materials," Polymers, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 1724, 2023.
T. Liu et al., "Characterization and thermal modeling of a miniature silicon vapor chamber for die-level heat redistribution," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 152, p. 119569, 2020.
M. Benedetti et al., "Architected cellular materials: A review on their mechanical properties towards fatigue-tolerant design and fabrication," Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 144, p. 2021.
T. Ren et al., "Elucidating mesostructural effects on thermal conductivity for enhanced insulation applications," Small, 2025.
F. Huang et al., "Numerical study and multi-objective optimization of medical waste shredding tools: A DEM-FEM coupling approach," Adv. Powder Technol., vol. 35, no. 6, p. 104491, Jun. 2024.
D. Kim, M. M. Azad, S. Khalid, and H. S. Kim, "Sensitivity Analysis of Medical Waste Sterilization Shredder Using Surrogate Model," Trans. Korean Soc. Mech. Eng, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 71-77, Jan. 2023.
A. H. Raheem, H. K. Kadhom, and A. A. Hussein, "Finite Element Analysis of Smart Waste Container," AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 3002, 2024, doi: 10.1063/5.0209557.
H. Shi, P. Wang, and S. Wang, "Analysis of the Impact of Plasma Jet Mode on Medical Waste Gasification Furnace," in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 2157-2167, June 2024.
A. R. Galaly, "Sustainable Development Solutions for the Medical Waste Problem Using Thermal Plasmas," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 17, p. 11045, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su141711045.
A. Mohtasebi, R. A. Sarvestani, H. Dabiri, M. Sadani, N. Alavi, and M. Abtahi, "Effective methods for decontaminating healthcare waste: Ozone and UV-C radiation process," Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 74, no. 10, pp. 743-752, Sep. 2024.
G. Su, H. C. Ong, S. Ibrahim, I. M. R. Fattah, M. Mofijur, and C. T. Chong, "Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges," Environmental Pollution, vol. 279, p. 116934, Jun. 2021.
J. Y. Kim, J. Park, D.-J. Lee, Y.-B. Choi, and E. E. Kwon, "Sustainable management of medical plastic waste through carbon dioxide-assisted pyrolysis," Chemosphere, vol. 364, 143266, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143266.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Roger Fernando Asto Bonifacio, Blanca Yeraldine Buendia Milla, Jezzy James Huaman Rojas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This journal is based on the work at https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jrc under license from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free to:
- Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even comercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms, which include the following:
- Attribution. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- ShareAlike. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
• Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
JRC is licensed under an International License
